101. Quality
Control of In-Situ Bored Pile Construction
場鑄基樁引進國內已有十數年的時間，其施工品質一直為大家所關心，但卻乏詳述。鑑於目場鑄基樁工程需求甚殷，為祈更多工程師能迅速一窺其品質管理大要，特別譯出日本芳賀 孝成君之「場鑄基樁之品質管理」一文以供工程界參考，原文刊載於1989年3月份的基礎工月刊。日本對施工品質的管理能開公的檢發表，對工程技術的交流與能力的提昇大有助益；另外也給予技術人員定位與肯定如採用「基礎施工管理技士檢定考試」等，實值得我國作為借鏡。本文旨在強調品質管理需使用科學、統計的方法，據筆者解，國內此類工程對本文內列出品質管理的項目，能全部做到的並不多，能用科學的統計的方法來控制的更屬鳳毛麟角。誠望本文能提醒相關的工程人員，進而提昇場鑄基樁的施工品質。
102. Environmental
Mythology-Zero Pollution
103. Remedial
Actions on Taiwan's Environmental Protection
104. Increase
Bearing Capacity of In-Situ Bored Piles Post Grouting Method
近年來由於超高層樓及大型結構物的發展，其基礎的選擇有傾向於使用大口徑基樁的趨勢，直徑2公尺以上的場鑄樁在國內亦已有業績。在美國，大口徑的基樁工法很早便被採用，一般稱為Chicago
Caisson Method，其直徑約3公尺至5公尺，以旋轉式鑽掘設備施工，到現在還是很常用。在歐洲，則直徑1.5至2公尺的樁才被採用。這其中有何不同呢？在美國，根據他們的工法、地層條件及經驗，設計大口徑基樁時，主要為樁底的承載力而不計摩擦力。然而在歐洲呢？根據過去許多年來大部份的試樁結果顯示，樁身的摩擦力才佔樁承載力的大部份，因此樁徑被保持在某一個數值範圍而不去增加樁徑。以追根究底的觀點來看，要增加樁的承載力寧願增加樁長或其他方式而不期望增樁徑。因為增加樁徑會增加施工的問題，其施工品質是否能如小口徑樁般的容易控制，並達到預期的樁底承載力也是一個疑問，此可由錐頭貫入試驗的結果(相當於一個小口徑樁的試驗)應用於樁承載力分析時要乘折減係數可知。此外，在某些國家，混凝土的品質是很難達到預期目標的，因此也使得價格更為昂貴。由於上述原因，大約十多年前一種增加基樁承載力的工法被發展出來，可以較平常同樣口徑的基樁有更高的承載力。以下介紹的是這種工法，係於樁周及樁裝設一個可以後灌漿的系統。此類基樁在過去幾年裏已被成功地使用幾千次，國內也在亡二體頭前溪橋基礎工程中使用，效果良好。
105. Don't
Get Packed by Package Equipments
106. The
Effect of Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio Under the Condition of Initial
Shear Stress and Dynamic Preshear Stress
The purpose of this study is to understand that the effect of shear modulus
and damping ratio under the condition of initial shear stress and dynamic preshear
stress. The test results showed that the previous dynamic pre-shearing stress
made significant effects on the dynamic characteristics of the sand, it would
decrease the shear modulus due to the lower initial shear stress, and Increase
it for the average effective normal stress. Based on the consolidated stress
ratio Kc both for the effects of the initial shear stress and the average effective
normal stress also made more significant than the effect of decreasing initial
shear stress. As for the effect of dynamic preshearing, the shear modulus led
to a maximum value and then drop down accompanying with the previous excess
porewater ratio. The damping ratio were not effected by the initial shear stress,
but it led to decrease its uncertainty value due to increasing the previous
excess pore-water ratio.
本文對非均向壓密飽和里港砂土，首先施加以反覆荷重作為動態預剪力的作用，藉以了解初始剪應力及動態預剪應力，對其剪力模數及阻尼比的影響。試驗結果顯示，就剪力模數而言，智始剪應力具有降低的效應，且在低剪應變振幅下較為明顯。而平均有效應力則有增加的效應。若以壓密應力比Kc作為初始剪應力及平均有效應力同時增加的雙重效應，則平均有效應力的增加效應，遠大於初始剪應力的減少效應。至於動態預剪應力的效應，則隨著先前超額孔隙水壓比(u)p=3c的增加而增加至一最高值，然後逐漸降低。若就阻尼比而言，初始剪應力的施加則幾乎沒有影響，而動態預剪應力則有降低的趨勢，但隨著不同的先前超額孔隙水壓比的增加，其降幅不一，沒有固定的關係。本文嘗試利用試驗結果，建立預測模式，以對砂土的剪力模數及阻尼比進行定量化分析，並依此估計結構物附近砂層受地震力作用後，其動力特性隨深度變化的情形，為現場實際應用提供一可行的預測方法。
107. A
Study on Tolerable Settlement of Building
Tolerable settlement of buildings is a critical concern of engineers when
designing and selecting building foundations and establishing settlement warning
level for the buildings adjacent to opencutting and tunneling. Current concepts
and practice for establishing tolerable settlement for buildings are reviewed
and discussed in this paper. In addition, settlement monitoring results of
forty-two buildings in vicinity to opencutting in Taipei city are presented
and used to verify the tolerance of building settlement.
建築物之允許沈陷量長久以來一直是大地工程師所關切之問題。大地工程師於進行基礎設計時，須先預估建築物之沈陷量，再依據建築物之允許沈陷量來決定其基礎型式係採用獨立基腳、筏式基礎或樁基礎等；另一方面，大地工程師於評估深開挖或潛盾等地下施工對建築物之影響情形，以及擬定監測之沈陷安全管理值時，亦須瞭解建築物所能承受之允許沈陷量，以作為施工安全之控制標準。由於國內過去一直缺乏有關建築物允許沈陷量之調查及統計資料，因此大地工程師大多直接依據國外之相關文獻資料。惟國內建築物之特性，例如建材、結構型式與設計及施工等，並不完全與國外之建築物相同，因此實有依據國內建築物之沈陷量測結果，以檢討國外文獻資料適用性之需要。本文除先回顧並整理國外相關之文獻資料以供大地工程師參考外，並依據國內42棟建築物之沈陷量測結果，檢討並建議適合國內建築物特性之允許沈陷量。
108. Deep
Excavation in Soft Ground
Many major cities in the newly industrialized countries, such as Singapore,
Taipei and Bangkok, are located in areas with recent sedimentary deposits.
Due to the rapid economic growth and urban development in recent, years, underground
construction-becomes one of the major, and more difficult, construction activities.
This lead paper on "Advances in Underground Construction" will concentrate
on the problem of deep excavation in soft ground. A review will be mad? on
the factors affecting the engineering of deep excavations. Recent practices
in the design and construction of deep excavations will be discussed, with
particular emphasis on the roles of instrumentations in safety control. The
discussions will be illustrated with a recent case record.
109. Geotechnical
Considerations for Underground Mass Rapid Transit Systems
As results of rapid economic developments in the last two decades, improvement
of infrastructure systems becomes, one of the major development tasks for many
metropolitan areas. Construction of new mass rapid transit systems or extension
of existing systems is the most effective way to alleviate the ever growing
urban traffic problem. Geotechnical engineering plays a critical role in the
implementation of such systems, particularly for the underground systems. On
the other hand, construction of such systems results in significant improvement
in the local geotechnical practices. This paper uses the Taipei Rapid Transit
Systems which is at resent under construction to illustrate some of the more
significant geotechnical concerns associated with underground rapid transit
systems in soft ground. Discussions are made on the effects of groundwater
lowering and recovery, regional subsidence, soil liquefaction, and presence
of gas. For cut and cover construction, considerations on strength characterization,
swelling In the base of excavation, .pore ater changes during construction,
and wall friction are elaborated.
110. Earth
Pressure for Design of Deep Excavation
This paper presents the origin and limitations of the lateral earth pressure
for design of excavation support currently used by the engineers. The frictions
between the retaining walls and the soils are described. Also, the relationship
between lateral deformation of the retaining wall and induced lateral earth
pressure are discussed. In the last part, the lateral pressure on interbeded
layers, surcharge and water pressure conditions are discussed.
一般設計深開挖擋土設施的方式，係由大地工程師提供作用於擋土設施(如支撐、擋土牆)的土壓力，然後土木或結構工程師即可依據一般的結構原理來設計出他們認為安全的擋土結構物。然而，如何求得作用於深開挖擋土措施之側向土壓，至目前為止，眾說紛紜無一定準則，因此，常困擾了土木及結構工程師。本文之目的在於告訴讀者，現階段常採用側向壓力計算方式的來源及應用上的限制。對於一些經驗或半經驗的方法，常常想到它們是怎麼來的，曾經在那些案例應用成功，準確度如何？除此之外，也注意到它們在那些案例的應用結果和預期的不一致。這些資料的收集與整理，將有助於下側向土壓更進一步的認識與了解，使擋土設施的設計能更符合安全及經濟的目的。
111. Safety
Monitoring System
This paper describes the necessity of monitoring system for maintaining the
safety of deep excavation works. The items which shall be considered include
the selection of monitoring parameters, anticipated performance during construction,
the proper time and place for installation, the specifications for installation,
calibration and maintenance of instruments, the monitoring, frequency and the
action limits. Different requirements for the planning, design and construction
stages are discussed.
深開挖工程自規劃設計以至於施工，均需考慮開挖擋土支撐之施工過程中地盤與地下水對工程行為的反應，以及地盤反應行為對鄰近結構物與其他設施的影響程度。此等考量若不夠周全，輕則可能導致工程施工中須變更設計而延誤工期，重則可能導致工程發生災變，甚至危害公共安全。因此，擋土支撐等安全措施之設計與施工實為深開挖工程最重要的一環。然而，深開挖工程所處之環境狀況、地盤與地下水特性因地而異，且其變異性通常十分顯著，設計的假設條件不太可能完全符合現地狀況，乃使得工程設計不是太保守就是冒風險。基於這些因素，工程界早已引進安全觀測系統。本文係此次「深開計理論與施工實務研討會」一系列的題目之一，除了再度強調安全觀測之重要性以外，亦期能藉此與工程界共同探討一些易被忽略的問題。
112. Site
Investigation of Abandoned Coal Mine Area
The existence of unrecorded and abandoned coal fields in Northern Taiwan enhances
the complexities and difficulties in major construction project in these areas.
A thorough site investigation is therefore needed to tackle special engineering
problems, such as ground subsidence, ground water, and poison gas. This paper
outlines how site investigation may be carried out as well as reviewing investigation
method. This paper also gives suggestions concerning data interpretation to
engineers who are working in coal mining areas.
台灣煤層主要分佈在北部區域第三紀中新世地層，由於目前許多重大工程建設規畫經過煤層分佈地區，產生特殊大地工程問題；例如已採掘礦坑造成地表沉陷、地盤坍落、或形成空洞，地下開挖施工時遭遇廢棄礦坑或空洞之瓦斯毒氣、甲烷爆炸、湧水泛濫、煤層或煤碴接觸空氣自燃現象、礦碴堆積區不穩定、礦坑水或礦碴環境漲染等潛在性工程問題層出不窮。本文希翼從一系列調查及資料研判過程中設立系統性之指引，以為工程建設煤層分佈地區調查方法之參考。
113. Planning
,Design and Construction of Bridges by Incremental Launching Method (I)
In the Six Year National Development Plan, 30% of the budget will be spent
in highway and railway projects which include the construction of over 12 million
M2 bridge. Face with the difficulties of labor shortage and soaring cost in
recent years as well as tight schedule and high quality requirements, the construction
industry needs more technology-intensive solutions. As to technology of bridge
construction, engineers and constructors always put emphasis on long-span or
special type bridges. Very little attention was paid for bridges with span
from 30m to 70m. which actually comprise the most of the cases. Bridges by
Incremental Launching Method is the one which can fill the gap between more
advanced cable-stay or cantilever bridges and conventional simple span bridges.
If properly designed and construction, the bridges using this method will achieve
even cheaper solution than conventional simple span bridge, but with quality
and speed as factory production. This paper discusses in details the planning,
design and construction of Tou-Chien Bridge and Feng-Shan Bridge in Taiwan
Second Freeway which used incremental launching method for the first time in
this country.
未來的六年國建計劃中，百分之三十的經費將用於鐵公路建設，所需要興建的橋梁及高架道路超過1,200萬平方公尺。如此龐大的投資對於業界確實是開闢了一個發展的大好空間，但是另一面，時程緊迫、勞力不足、成本高漲加上品質要求的提昇卻也使這項工作增添了許多挑戰性。面對這些難題，惟有技術才是最可靠的解決途徑。論及橋梁的技術，一般都把焦點集中在大跨徑或特殊型式的橋梁，對於中短跨徑的橋梁則甚少注意。但實際上這類橋梁佔有構造之大宗，如果在經濟性及施工性方面加以研究，將可大量節省經費及工期，對於工程計劃的執行具有關鍵性的影響。節塊推進工法適用於30公尺至70公尺跨徑的橋梁，屬於中短跨徑的範圍。由於節塊的鑄造如同一般預鑄梁，因此工作效率高且品質可以獲得確保。但推進的方式免除了吊運的過程，成本及工期均可節撙。本工法在北第二高速公路頭前溪橋及鳳山溪橋首次應用，採行之前曾經過審慎的評估及詳細的研究。本文將就工法之規劃要素、結構設計及施工控制分三篇予以介紹。
114. Dissolved
Air Flotation Treatment for Feather Wash Wastewater
This paper Will describe the Design, Construction and Operation of the dissolved
air system for COD and SS removal in the wastewater discharged from feather
wash factories. The feather wash factory is a branch of feather industry, which
work is washing and sorting the raw animal feather (e.g. duck feather) and
transports the finished feather to a cooperated factory for further process.
The pollutants of the wastewater from feather wash factory mainly consist COD,
BOD and SS. Besides, objectionable odor from animal feather can be discerned
in the wastewater. According to the result of wastewater analysis, insoluble
COD is in the amount of 76% of total COD and insoluble BOD is in the amount
of 64% of total BOD. The ratio of COD to BOD is 4.3. Based on the above test
result, the physiochemistry treatment method is suggested for the wastewater
treatment. Finally, the dissolved air flotation system is selected for the
wastewater treatment because of limit of available land. The selected treatment
process is a secondary treatment process, which consists of Pump well, Bar
screen, Equalization basin, pH Neutralization basin. Dissolved air flotation
system, Sludge concentration basin and Sludge drying bed. To eliminate odor,
the equalization basin is equipped with an aeration mixing system. The sludge
removed by flotation are sent by gravity to drying beds for thickening. However,
when the drying beds are full, the sludge can be conveyed to the concentration
basin for thickening. The mixing and discharging the sludge in the concentration
basin is through the use of air-lift method. After treatment, the total COD
in the wastewater is decent from-about 300 mg/l to 5 mg/l and the treatment
of BOD is even better than the result of COD treatment which is none detectable
(< 1 mg/l ). Also, the transparent of the wastewater is raised from 5 cm
before treatment to 23 cm after treatment. Hence, the quality of the treated
wastewater is much better than the requirements of the national criteria for
wastewater discharge. Because of good quality of the treated wastewater, about
50% of the treated wastewater was reused in the process.
本文針對羽毛洗滌加工廠排放之廢水，以溶解空氣浮除法去除其CDD及SS。茲就其設計、施工及實際操作，做實例之說明。該廠屬羽毛工業之一環，主要進料是動物羽毛(如鴨毛)。主要作業是清洗及篩分羽毛，再運送至姊妹廠加工成品。該廠排放之廢水，主要污染物為CDD、BOD及SS，此外，尚有隨動物羽毛而來的刺激性臭味。根據廢水水質分析結果，非溶解性CDD為總COD之76%，非溶解性BOD為總BOD之64%，而COD與BOD之比值為4.3，故決定用理化處理法處理本廢水，又因該廠土地有限，故決定採用溶解空氣浮除法。處理流程屬理化二級處理，各單元包括抽水井、細目網篩機、調勻池、pH調節池、溶解空氣加壓浮除、污泥濃縮池、污泥曬乾床。為達到除臭目的，調勻池以曝氣攪拌為之。經浮除刮除之污泥，以重力流排至晒乾床，若滿載，才送至濃縮池，濃縮池之攪拌及抽出，皆利用氣昇(AIR
LIFT)方式。本廢水經處理後，其總COD由約300mg/l降至5mg/l (BOD屬檢測不出，小於1mg/l)，透視度則由5cm增至23cm，符合民國八十七年的國家放流水標準，可說綽綽有餘，其處理水因水質良好，故約有50%回收再用。本文將就試車與保固期間所發生之各種操作間問題提出討論，並將其解決問題之對策加以說明，以供業者之參考。
115. Design
and Performance of Open Excavations in Taipei
Taipei's subway system will involve the construction of numerous underground
facilities in deep open excavations. Significant experience has been gained
in the past in this work and excavation performance has largely been satisfactory.
However, the combination of deeper subway excavations and rising groundwater
pressures in the Taipei basin requires a more sophisticated approach to defining
soil strength for excavation support design than has been the case in the past.
Critical to this process is the assessment of the degree to which the material
in the passive zone swells and the time required to establish steady state
seepage conditions. Effective stress paths based on field monitoring data provide
insight into the factors which affect swelling, seepage and other related processes.
116. Geotechnical
Monitoring for the Construction of Taipei Rapid Transit System
The Taipei Mass Rapid Transit System, Comprising of underground stations ,tunnels
and viaducts, is currently under design and construction in Taipei. There are
many methods of construction, such as cut and cover, shield tunnel and pile
installation etc. The project includes all of these instrumentation programs,
designed to monitor the TMRT engineering before, during, after construction.
The necessity for immediate evaluation of the field readings for the observational
method of design, generated the need for a computerized system of data reduction
and interpretation, A data base system program was developed in order to fulfill
these needs. This paper gives a procedure of program development features and
indicates how to build up the data base system.
台北捷運系統工程包含地面段、高架段、地下車站及隧道，目前正著手設計及監造中，其施工型態不一，有明挖覆蓋、潛盾及樁基礎等等，而大地監測系統都將全程配合這些施工方式來進行。資料庫系統之發展是為了滿足能使現場量測資料經由電腦計算，可以立即反應出結果，並與設計值比較，然後加以解釋分析。本文將對大地監測資料庫之規劃全貌及如何建立資料庫系統做一說明。
117. The
Application of Electric Cone Penetrometer in Estimating Driven Pile Bearing
Capacity-A Case History
Electric Cone Penetrometer has been used during two site investigations in
southern and central coastal sites in Taiwan, both sites consist of recent
deposits of silty sand and sandy silt interbedded with silty clay as well as
clayey silt. Prestressed Concrete (P.C.) piles and steel pipe piles were used
in both sites. Many pile loading tests have been carried out. Several dynamic
and static formula for estimating the pile bearing capacity were used for comparison
of actual pile loading test results. After detailed analyses, it was found
that the use of electric cone penetrometer can provide a good method to predict
the bearing capacity of the driven pile.
圓錐貫入試驗係一種簡單、可靠且經濟的現場試驗。基本上，此項試驗係量測壓入錐桿時的阻力，藉此阻力可推估土壤的緊密度、強度等；此錐桿亦像小樁一樣故可推估樁的承載力。當然，發展初期，錐頭的種類、貫入的速率要求、方式等亦不同
，讀者有興趣可參考Sanglerat (1972)以及1974年在歐洲Stockholm舉行的歐洲貫入試驗研討會專集。在眾多的錐頭型式中，目前常被應用的是荷蘭錐(Dutch
Cone)，它是一個底面積為十平方公分，錐頭之夾角為60度及貫入速率約1至2公分/秒的錐頭。國內在二十幾年前即中鋼建廠初期階段，便已有荷蘭錐被引入，於十幾年前此荷蘭錐頭貫入試驗便被擴大應用於高樓基礎調查、台北市政中心基地調查及基隆河廢河道之地質調查等，不過上述之荷蘭錐頭貫入試驗儀是機械式的。而國外自1950年起便發展將機械式的貫入儀賦以電子記讀裝置故可連續記錄貫入錐的摩擦力和錐頭阻抗(機械式的只能每隔20公分之貫入深度記讀一次)即所謂的電子錐。國內電子錐的發展，由台灣省政府交通處港灣技術研究所首先於民國七十三年購入荷蘭A.P.V.D.
Berg公司所製造之電子錐，並曾應用於雲林縣台西鄉的一處大型基地之探查工作。其後亞新工程顧問公司於民國七十五年率先購入美國Hogentogler 公司的電子錐，目前則中華工程公司、中興工程顧問社、萬鼎工程服務公司以及亞技工程顧問公司均各擁有一部美國Hogentogler
公司的電子錐，全台灣共有六部電子錐貫入儀，而機械式的荷蘭錐貫入儀近年來未再被使用。本文係就電子錐在台灣南部與中部兩工址之應用結果與試樁結果進行比對分析，由於土層資料及試樁資料相當完整，因而可以確認其在推估打擊式基樁承載力上的可行性。
118. Planning
,Design and Construction of Bridges by Incremental Launching Method (II)
In the Six Year National Development Plan, 30% of the budget will be spent
in highway and railway projects which include the construction of over 12 million
M2 bridge. Face with the difficulties of labor shortage and soaring cost in
recent years as well as tight schedule and high quality requirements, the construction
industry needs more technology-intensive solutions. As to technology of bridge
construction, engineers and constructors always put emphasis on long-span or
special type bridges. Very little attention was paid for bridges with span
from 30m to 70m. which actually comprise the most of the cases. Bridges by
Incremental Launching Method is the one which can fill the gap between more
advanced cable-stay or cantilever bridges and conventional simple span bridges.
If properly designed and construction, the bridges using this method will achieve
even cheaper solution than conventional simple span bridge, but with quality
and speed as factory production. This paper discusses in details the planning,
design and construction of Tou-Chien Bridge and Feng-Shan Bridge in Taiwan
Second Freeway which used incremental launching method for the first time in
this country.
本文上篇主要為介紹節塊推進工法之適用條件及規劃要點。本篇將繼續就永久性橋梁結構之設計考慮及分析方法加以詳細說明。
119. Soft
Ground Engineering Practice in Taiwan
Taiwan, being one of the Four Little Dragons for economic development in Asia,
has undergone remarkable advancement in the field of infrastructure engineering
and construction during the past few decades. During years of economic development,
many major construction projects have involved significant amount of soft ground
engineering works. Some of the areas have attained worldwide attention. This
paper does not go into much technical details, but presents an overview of
the soft ground engineering practice in Taiwan. Some major aspects of geotechnical
characterization are discussed. The establishment and application of the geotechnical
mapping of Taipei City is introduced. Soft ground engineering practices in
foundation, deep excavation, tunnelling and ground treatment are described.
This paper also presents recent development in the geotechnical instrumentation
for various soft ground engineering projects in Taiwan.
120. The
Prospect and Application of Monitoring System
Geotechnical monitoring instrumentation system can provide a reliable information
to build a construction works with desirable safety and economics: The data
collected from the system are not only valuable for using back analysis for
further understanding about works but also good in advancing geotechnical engineering
technique. In past decade, it was an excellent expression using monitoring
system on many construction works in Taiwan. This paper introduces the basic
concept about how to apply the monitoring technics on field geotechnical construction;
then, provides the process of in-situ works from three practical construction
cases as well as the Taipei Mass Rapid Transit System respectively. The process
of monitoring data collecting, dealing and transferring is also the major concern.
The prospect of future development is assessed finally.
大地工程監測系統可以協助工程師完成安全經濟的設計與施工，同時監測資料的回饋分析，可以增進對工程的深入了解，提升大地工程技術。台灣自從有系統的引進大地工程監測系統已有十餘年的歷史，對各項工程建設發揮了相當大的功效。基於過去的經驗，本文首先要闡釋使用監測系統的一些基本理念；然後再以三個工程案例來說明監測技術的發展過程；接著要介紹台北捷運系統監測工作，重點尤在強調超大型工程中，大量監測資料收集、處理、傳輸及使用的過程。最後再參考國際間監測系統的發展及臺灣的技術水準，針對未來監測系統使用的趨勢，提出評估及建議。
121. Inverse
Analysis of Geotechnic Parameters on Improved Soft Bangkok Clay
Deformation, strength, and flow parameters were determined by inverse analyses
on geotechnical data obtained from two full-scale test embankments constructed
on improved soft Bangkok clay. One site was improved with prefabricated vertical
drains (PVD), and an adjacent site was improved with compacted granular piles
(CGP). In the PVD site, the ratio of ch (field) to ch (lab) ranged from 1.5-4,
and the ch value was 4.90 m2/year. The value of kh/ks, was about 10, with ds/dw
of 2.5. In the CGP site, the ratio of cv (field) to cv (lab) ranged from 1.3-12.
The smeared zone was considered by reduction to CGP diameter by one-fifth.
The ratio of Eu to Su was determined to be 150. The observed final settlements
in the CGP site was 30-35% lower than those in the PVD site. Using back-analyzed
soil parameters, the settlements of the test embankments were predicted well.
Both ground improvement schemes are effective in improving the soft Bangkok
clay.
122. Settlement
of Underpinned Structures in Singapore
The paper presents the settlement records for four buildings which were underpinned
during the construction of the Mass Rapid Transit System in Singapore. The
first two are modern, reinforced concrete buildings of 12 and 20 stories in
height. The third is a pre-World-War-II building of 3 stories in height and
the fourth is a chapel built in the 19th century. The observations were: (1)
underpinning operation caused settlements of various magnitudes, (2) transferring
building loads prior to excavation reduced settlements, and (3) even so, settlements
were still significant during excavation.
123. Underpinning
of Structures for Construction of Singapore MRT
The paper presents the settlement records for four buildings which were underpinned
during the construction of the Mass Rapid Transit System in Singapore. The
first two are modern, reinforced concrete buildings of 12 and 20 stories in
height. The third is a pre-World-War-II building of 3 stories in height and
the fourth is a chapel built in the 19th century. The observations were: (1)
underpinning operation caused settlements of various magnitudes, (2) transferring
building loads prior to excavation reduced settlements, and (3) even so, settlement
were still significant during excavation.
托底工法經常應用於深開挖以減少工程對鄰近建築物之傷害，其理念極為單純-將部份荷重經由托底樁傳至不動層。經常使用之托底樁包括微型樁、高壓噴射樁、型鋼、連續壁或其他容易安放之材料。在某些狀況下，托底為順刺完工之唯一選擇，但一般人誤以為接底工法可以適用於任何地質狀況，可以解決一切問題。殊不知在托底過程中，結構物即可能沉陷，即使在托底完成後，後續沉陷亦相當可觀。以新加坡捷運系統(在新加坡稱為地鐵)為例，托底工法曾被應用於四棟建築物，包括一棟十九世紀初興建，列為新加坡一級古蹟之大教堂，兩棟國民住宅及一棟政府辦公大樓。四棟中之兩棟係以連續壁托底，另外兩微型樁托底。在施工期間，地面沉陷及結構物之沉陷皆有持續觀察。本文中所引用之資料大部份取材於Todo，Hwang
and Hulme (1992)。托底案例雖多，但大部份文獻著重理論之探討，而欠缺數據，尤其批評性之文章更絕無僅有。該文備有完整之監測資料得以評估托底之效益，彌足珍貴，因此特將其介紹給國內工程界同仁以為參考。在臺北捷運沿線，受施工影響之建物上百，日後其他城市之捷運施工所影響之建物將更多，希望本文對此等建物保護方案之擬定有所助益。
124. Technology
Transfer Experience Gained in Bridge Project
Along with the economic growth, scale and sophistication of construction projects
have increased rapidly in recent years. The high demand plus the problem of
labor shortage and soaring cost has exerted pressure on local construction
industry to look for advanced technology. In-house development is a solid way
to obtain technology. However, technology transfer through cooperation with
foreign sources may be more cost-efficient. This paper summarizes the experience
of technology transfer gained in a bridge project. The appropriate environment
for technology transfer, the required capability of technology receiver, the
realistic program of technical cooperation and key points for cooperation agreement,
are discussed. Adverse effect of language problem and cultural difference on
technical cooperation is also addressed.
近年來國內的工程在規模上不斷擴大，內容方面也日趨複雜，營建產業開始面臨技術的瓶頸。勞力不足及成本高漲的問題更使得技術的需求轉為殷切。自力開發技術固然是一種較為踏實的方法，但如能透過合作取得技術的移轉以輔以本身的研究發展，則在成效上較為迅速，符合國內市場的特性。本文將以一個橋樑工程的實際案例為背景探討技術移轉所需要的環境，技術接受者應具備的能力，合作計羿的合理執行方式以及合作合約重點等因素，並就語言障礙及文化差異等可能在合作中遭遇的問題加以剖析，以提供業界參考。
125. GESC's
Role in the Design and Construction of TRTS
Geotechnical engineering plays a critical role in the implementation of the
Taipei Rapid Transit Systems (TRTS) project. The Department of Rapid Transit
Systems (DORTS) of the Taipei Municipal Government has commissioned Moh and
Associates, Inc. as the Geotechnical Engineering Specialty Consultant (GESC)
to advise and assist DORTS on matters of geotechnical concern. This paper describes
the functions and contributions of GESC on the TRTS project.
大地工程對台北捷運扮演一個關鍵性的角色。台北市政捷運工程局委託亞新工程顧問公司擔任大地工程專業顧問以協助捷運局處理有關大地工程的事務，本文說明大地工程專業顧問之職能以及對台北捷運之貢獻。
126. Design
of Diaphragm Walls for the TRTS Deep Excavations
The diaphragm wall design of more than 100 sections of the Taipei Rapid Transit
Systems are reviewed and analyzed collectively with emphasis on wall depth,
strut reaction, wall bending moment and wall deflection. The subsoil conditions,
methods of analysis, methods of construction, ground improvement and groundwater
pressure assumptions used in the design are discussed.
本文針對為數超過100個連續壁設計斷面作分析及系統性整理，內容包括貫入深度 支撐載重、壁體彎矩以及最大撓曲等項目，並對土層狀況、分析方法、施工法、地盤改良以及地下水壓力作簡單描述。
127. Back
Analysis of Mucha Tunnel,TRTS by FLAC Program
This paper describes the analysis framework of FLAC adopted in the study,
including the constitutive law, boundary conditions of the finite element mesh,
parameters of rock mass material and supports, initial stresses, and time-lag
simulation for delayed support. It also illustrates the results of numerical
analysis conducted on the Mucha Tunnel, TRTS, in terms of tunnel deformation,
stresses in rock bolts and stresses in shotcrete. The analysis results are
compared with corresponding measured values, and the possible causes of discrepancy
are discussed.
本文將先說明FLAC之分析架構，包括組合律、網格邊界條件、岩體材料參數、初始應力、支撐材料參數及支撐延遲之模擬，然後敘明木柵隧道開挖過程中所作數值分析所得之變形量，岩栓受力和噴凝土應力值。將此分析值與對應之監測值比較，並探討差異之可能原因。
128. Consolidation
Behavior of Soft Clay Deposit at the North Bound of Taipei Basin Based on
Monitored Result of Preloading
Stations R28, R29, R30 & R32 of the at-grade section of Tamshui Line,
TRTS, are located either at the northern rim of Kuandu Plain or the flood terrace
of Tamshui River. Due to the existence of thick soft clay deposit, the station
structures on shallow foundations are expected to experience excessive settlement.
Preloading with surcharge and vertical drains were employed to improve the
ground within a limited period. This paper compares the result of field monitoring
with analytical prediction to indicate that settlement prediction with consolidation
parameters obtained from one-dimensional consolidation test, corresponding
to the average values measured for stress range imposed, agrees reasonably
well with the field data, provided that the physical properties of the testing
samples are closely examined to be representative of the compressive stratum
of interest. The stress history of the ground and environmental changes, if
any, should also be considered. Consolidation parameters(mv, cv) from laboratory
testing are plotted against relevant physical properties (clay content, natural
water content, liquid limit) to indicate some correlations which could be helpful
reference for selecting consolidation parameters for similar subsoil.
台北捷運淡水線地面段的R28、R29、R30及R32等車站座落於關渡平原北緣與淡水河洪泛台地，由於地質軟弱，採淺基礎設計的車站預料將發生過量沉陷，故以填土預壓工法先行地質改良，打設垂直排水帶日速地層排水。本文比較各站的實測沉陷行與分析計算所得的預估沉陷行為，顯示由單向度壓密試驗結果於有效垂直應力變化範圍選取代表性之壓密參數，計算預估的沉陷行為與實測情形大致符合，唯選擇參數時應細察土壤物理性質，確定試體與主要壓密地層一致，且應考慮基地地層過去所受之荷重歷史及客觀環境之特性與變化。本文亦彙整各車站土層壓縮性質於有效覆土壓力下之土壤壓密參數(mv,cv)與黏土含量、自然含水量、液性限度等物理性質之關係，發現其相關性甚佳，可供將來本區類似土層進行沉陷分析時選用壓密參數之檢核參考。
129. Compaction
Grouting for Building Protection
Compaction grouting has been adopted in contracts CH218 and CH221 as a method
for building protection. This paper reports the results of trials performed
and discusses factors affecting its performance. Data indicate that, in soft
clays, although compaction grouting was able to heave up the ground during
the operation, the subsequent dissipation of pore water pressures led to settlement
which was equal to or even greater than the heave. In sands, a large amount
of grout was required for the heave to be significant.
擠壓灌漿是一種建物保護之新工法。台北捷運系統新店線218標及221標擬採用擠壓工法以作為其建物保護之方案。目前並完成試灌以驗證其效益。本文就試灌結果進行分析、並討論影響其成效之因素。資料顯示、在軟弱黏土層中施作擠壓工法雖可導致隆起、但因孔隙水壓之消散所有隆起量在一週內即消失殆盡。在砂土層中則須注入大量漿材方可達到隆起之目的。
130. Road
Header/NATM in Mucha Tunnel of Mucha Line
Mucha Tunnel of Mucha Line Project in Taipei Metropolitan Area Rapid Transit
Systems is a double-lane electric train tunnel. The 712 meters long tunnel
was separated into two portions, i.e. North and South tunnel during construction.
Contractor chose two 50-ton road headers to excavate the two portions separately,
and applied NATM concept in their construction activities. Excavation rate
in massive sandstone was about 17m3/hr, and was 27m3/hr in interbedded sandstone
and shale layers. The advancing rate for north tunnel was 46 meters per month
and 51 meters per month for south tunnel. The stabilities of this tunnel during
construction were closely monitored. Some difficulties were encountered during
construction. This paper briefly described the measures taken.
台北都會區捷運系統木柵線之木柵隧道，為雙線電車隧道，施工中分南北二隧道共長712公尺，承包商選用二部50噸級部份斷面掘進機分頭開挖隧道，並依新奧工法觀念施工。機械開挖中，掘進速率在厚砂岩平均約為每小時17立方公尺，在砂頁岩層則平均為每小時27立方公尺。北隧道先開挖，如略去廢煤坑段處理五個月不計，其上半開挖及支撐之平均月進度為46公尺；而南隧水之上半開挖及支撐之月水度為51公尺。施工中之監測分洞口及隧道內監測，觀察結果足以證明隧道穩定。另外施工中曾遭遇廢棄煤坑，花費五個月才通過。四號洞口淺層覆蓋在隧道開挖之前先由地面向下做灌漿錨錠及固結灌漿以改善地層，當隧道開挖通過此段時，由地表沈陷觀測證明預錨和灌漿甚為成功。
131. Building
Protection for Deep Excavations
The paper discusses the concept of building protection and the general procedures
adopted in the design and construction of TRTS. A few precautionary protection
measures carried out by the contractors are briefly mentioned for the purpose
of illustration.
本文介紹台北捷運系統建物保護之設計理念及歲驟，並藉數例以說明在施工時可採行之保護措施。
132. Tunneling
in Abandoned Coal Mine
Geotechnical problems in coal-bearing formations, especially, the existence
of unrecorded abandoned coal mining works enhance the complexities and difficulties
of underground excavations in major construction. This paper shows a case in
which the Mucha Tunnel of Taipei MRT encountered a large void and disturbed
zone in a coal-bearing stratum resulting in cave-in of debris of about 50 cubic
meters in volume. The tunnel was finally completed by using the ring-cut method
accompanied by grouting and auxiliary support.
含煤地層產生特殊大地工程問題，尤其無記錄廢棄煤坑存在時，更增加重大工程地下開挖施工之複雜性及危險性。本文介紹台北都會區大眾捷運系統木柵線木柵隧道施工開挖遭遇廢棄煤坑而穴及空穴坍陷擾動過的含煤頁岩層，造成約50立方公尺體積的岩塊坍方，經由填充空穴灌將，固結灌漿地質改良，及補助先撐、環狀上半開挖工法，終於通過廢棄煤坑危害區段之案例。
133. The
Application of Computer Program FREW to the Analysis of Deep Excavation
This article describes the application of computer program FREW in the analysis
of deep excavation. Discussion is also given to the model of analysis, basic
assumption, input of parameters, and limitations in the use of this program.
Finally, a feedback analysis on two sites in Taipei by using the FREW program
was performed by input the data obtained from instruments monitoring to verify
the feasibility of this program.
現今國內各大顧問公司採用之深開挖分析程式至少有SHEET PILE 2，RIDO，FLAC，WALL及FREW等，其中FREW為近期引入國內之程式，此程式曾被新加坡大眾捷運系統NEWTON
CIRCUS STATION (Nicholson, 1987)及香港捷運系統，上海銀行等(Humpheson et al, 1986)之深開挖工程採用，作為擋土結構行為分析之軟體。本文主旨在針對FREW程式於深開挖工程分析上之應用一概略性之介紹，對其所採分析模式，基本假設等擇要加以說明；此外，並以台北市淡二區的二個深開挖工程為例，進一步評估實際觀測資料與回饋分析之結果。
134. Introduction
to Analysis of Laterally Loaded Pile Using LPILE Program
Analysis of pile subject to lateral loading is one of the topics of soil-structure
interaction problems. This article describes the analysis of laterally loaded
pile using LPILE program. The theoretical background of the program are briefly
mentioned. Several problems are analysis. The problems include bearing capacity
of laterally loaded pile embedded in sand/clay soil, effect of scouring on
the bearing capacity and effect of pile head fixity on the bearing capacity.
The analysis results show that the existence of souring degrades significantly
the lateral bearing capacity of a pile; the pile fixed at the top against rotation
doubles its lateral bearing capacity compared to that of the pile having free
head at the top.
垂直樁承受水平載重之分析屬結構與土壤互制的問題之一，本文介紹LPILE程式在此方面之分析應用。對LPILE程式之理論基礎有概略性的說明。文內分析數個例子，包括砂/黏土層中單樁承受水平載重、沖刷深度及樁頂邊界條件對樁基水平承載之影響。分析結果顯示若是有沖刷情形出現，則樁基水平承載能力顯著下降；若是樁頂有樁帽限制其旋轉，則水平承載是樁頂能允許旋轉情況時兩倍。
135. History
and Recent Development of Consulting Engineering Practice in Taiwan
Compared with most of the developed regions in the world, the profession of
engineering consultants in Taiwan is very young. The profession started to
evolve only in the early Fifties. With the rapid economic development and expansion
of major infrastructures on the island, the profession started to reach a "mature" stage.
This paper traces the development of the engineering consultants' profession
in the past forty years, and describes the current status and future prospect
of the profession in the world market. The paper also touches on laws and regulations
affecting the profession.
136. Underground
Construction of Taipei Transit Systems
With all the six lines in the full swing, the construction of the Taipei Rapid
Transit Systems is reaching its peak in 1993. Deep excavations are being carried
out in soft recent deposits for the construction of underground stations. Tunnels
are to be bored through a variety of ground conditions. Without doubts, geotechnical
engineering plays an important role in such a major civil work. Soil investigations
have been carried out in different phases for clarifying the ground conditions
along the routes and the characteristics of the soils are now better understood.
Some of the new findings are documented herein for the purpose of serving as
future reference. Protection of adjacent structures has been a serious concern
in all the phases and positive measures have been taken to reduce ground movements
for ensuring the safety of these buildings. Some of such measures are presented
with their effects discussed. Data show that with adequate design, tight supervision
and good workmanship, it is possible to reduce ground settlements to a half
of what was experienced before.
137. Interpretation
of Piezocone Data after Partially Drained Penetration
Piezocone has been generally accepted as a very effective tool in soil profiling
and estimating engineering properties. However, most of the available correlations
are only applicable for fully drained or totally undrained penetration. This
paper presents a generalized method to interpreter the pore pressure dissipation
data after partially drained piezocone penetration in silty clay deposits in
Taipei. The estimated permeability and coefficient of consolidation give a
satisfactory agreement with relevant laboratory and field measurements.
138. Base
and Shaft Resistance of Bored Piles Founded in Sedimentary Rocks
For the proposed rapid transit systems in the Taipei metropolis, over thousands
of large diameter bored piles were installed to support viaduct structures.
Many of these piles were founded in sedimentary rocks, including sandstone,
siltstone and shale. This paper presents a close review and analysis on the
results of loading tests on two sets of instrumented piles to evaluate the
base and shaft resistance mobilized in sedimentary rocks.
139. Settlements
Induced by Deep Excavations in Taipei
This paper describes the ground settlement behavior induced by deep excavations
in the Taipei soil. Settlement data from 8 typical excavations located at different
sites within the T2 Zone of the Taipei Basin are analyzed in order to define
a generalized settlement profile for future design. Settlements in the directions
perpendicular and parallel to diaphragm walls are studied. The T2 Zone which
covers the central area of the Taipei is characterized by layered deposits
of clayey and sandy soils. This paper puts emphasis on the nature of soil deposits
in the T2 Zone and relates ground settlement behavior to excavation geometry.
The lateral movements of diaphragm walls used to support the excavations are
also described.
140. Construction
Quality Assessment for Bridge Project
To ensure quality of public works is the responsibility of government. Inspection,
control and assurance program are direct ways leading to quality project. However
a quality assessment system may also motivate contractors to pay attention
on quality in order to protect its image and reputation. This paper summarizes
the result of a study on construction quality assessment for bridge project
granted by the Public Construction Supervisory Board, Executive Yuan. The organization,
method and standard for assessment are discussed. A scoring system to facilitate
implementation of assessment is also proposed.
為辦理橋梁工程施工品質評鑑，落實工程品管制度、提升橋梁工程施工品質，並瞭解橋梁工程施工問題，本研究擬針對橋梁工程特性，研訂一簡易、可行 、確實、有效之評鑑方法，俾供主管官署辦理評鑑工作。本文將先就橋梁工程特性作摘要性的介紹；其次說明橋梁工程施工品質評鑑的重點及其實施方式；爾後則就評鑑項目及評鑑標準作原則性的論述。
141. Earth
Pressures on Walls of a Deep Excavation
This paper reports recorded earthpressures acting on diaphragm walls during
a deep excavation carried out in a soft ground and discusses factors affecting
the readings. The main theme of the paper is on wall friction and its influence
on vertical earthpressures. It can be demonstrated that the assumption normally
adopted in the design of the retaining structures for braced excavations that
the vertical earthpressures equal to the overburden pressures could be erroneous.
As a result, the vertical pressures on the active side are often over-estimated
and those on the passive side under-estimated. In conclusion, it is appropriate
for soft to medium stiff sites to assume that the angle of wall friction equals
to the angle of internal friction of soils in computing the limiting active
and passive earth pressures for designing the retaining structures of braced
excavations.
142. Case
Study of Engineering Geologic Hazard in Coal Bearing Area
Geotechnical problems in coal-bearing formations, especially, the existence
of unrecorded abandoned coal mining works enhance the complexities and difficulties
of underground excavations in major construction. This paper shows a case in
which the Mucha Tunnel of Taipei encountered a large void and disturbed zone
in a coal-bearing stratum resulting in cave-in of debris of about 50 cubic
meters in volume. The tunnel was finally completed by using the ring-cut method
accompanied by grouting and auxiliary support.
含煤地層產生特殊大地工程問題，尤其遭遇到無開採記錄廢棄煤坑存在時，更增加重大工程地下開挖施工之複雜性及危險性。本文介紹台北近郊某隧道施工開挖遭遇廢棄煤坑空穴及空穴坍陷擾動過的含頁岩層，造成約50立方公尺體積的岩塊坍方，經由填充空穴灌漿，固結灌漿地質改良，及補助先撐、環狀上半開挖工法、終於通過廢棄煤坑危害區段之案例。
143. Application
of Instrumentation Systems for Deep Excavation
The use of field instrumentation systems for monitoring deep excavation is
important and can assist the engineer to achieve safety, economical design
and construction. This paper introduces the basic concept for instrumentation
which are illustrated by a deep excavation case history in Taipei. The prospect
of future development is assessed.
大地工程監測系統可以協助工程師完成安全經濟的設計與施工，並被視為深開挖工作中一個重要的部份。本文主要介紹監測系統的基本理念，繼以台北的案例加以說明，最後並對未來發展的方向提出評估。
144. Recent
Developments in Deep Excavation in Soft Ground
This paper describes some of the most recent advancements in the field of
deep excavation. Major developments in design and construction of infrastructures
involving deep excavations are described with reference to the current practice
in Taipei. The influence of groundwater pressure on excavation performance,
development of earth pressures, behavior of retaining wall, induced ground
surface settlement and building protection concern during excavation are discussed.
Instrumentation monitoring is emphasized as an essential factor in ensuring
safety during construction and in enhancing the existing database which forms
a valuable basis in further developing the techniques.
145. Error
Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering Design
Soil properties used in geotechnical engineering design always involve many
implicit uncertainties. Today most of the geotechnical engineers make design
using a fixed safety factor without taking the uncertainties into account.
Therefore these designs maybe unsafe or too conservative. The purpose of this
paper is to identify the sources of uncertainty involved in soil parameters.
An example showing various sources of field vane data "uncertainties is
given. Based on statistics and probability methods, the errors caused by these
uncertainties can be quantified. Furthermore the uncertainty of the predicted
behavior can be estimated through simplified method dealing with the error
propagation of soil properties. This paper also introduces the relationship
between failure probability and reliability index in order to aid designer,
to choose a safety factor of which a balance between economy and safety concerns
can be achieved.
大地工程師於進行分析設計時都會遇到若干隱含之不確定因素(Uncertainty)，這些因素包括材料性質、荷重作用於土層之狀況以及運用之預測模式等。在傳統設，都是運用判斷與以往經驗選擇設計參數，並決定一個讓人接受之安全係數以進行保守的設計。可是，採用固定安全係數(Fixed
Safety Factor)之方式從事分析設計卻有以下之缺點(Baecher, 1985)：(1)由於並無直接處理這些不確定因素之變異量，而使每個設計用的估計量(Estimate)偏於保守，以致無法明確瞭解整個設計真正的"安全係數"；(2)由於土壤性質、荷重等估計量趨向保守及主觀，無法使預測行為具反復性(Repeatability)，從品質保證的觀點來講，是一種不佳的品質保證；(3)因資料數量、品質之差異及使用設施之不同等因素，不確定因素之變異程度遂因位置之不同而變化，因此會造成不同程度之不利行為。在基礎工程方面，對設計參數之決定通常是取其平均值作為設計依據，然因實際之土壤參數並非一個固定的常數，而是隨著地點、時間及空間分佈在改變。一般而言，任何土壤參數之真值(True
Value)是無法準確地經由試驗或理論公式得到，僅能應用包含許多伴隨誤差的量測值進行概略地估計。基於上述理由，本文介紹在大地工程分析設計中可能之不確定因素，並予以定量化，再藉由一些簡單之統計方法，俾能對處理離散資料及考慮不確定因素時有所助益。文內並引用可靠性指數(Reliability
Index)之觀念及與破壞機率之關係，以期在大地分析設計中之經濟及安全考量下尋求合理之平衡。
146. Comparisons
of the Liquefaction Resistance Evaluated by Maximum Shear Moduli and CPT
Qc
本研究以室內動力試驗及現地震測式錐貫入試驗評估蘭陽平原砂土之液化阻抗。室內試驗係以共振柱試驗及反復扭轉剪力試驗，探討平均有效圍壓、孔隙比、應力歷史等因素對最大剪力模數和液化阻抗之影響，建立兩者之關係。利用此關係預測現地砂土之液化阻抗，並與現地錐貫入試驗所預測之結果相互比較。研究結果發現根據CPT-Qc值所預測之液化阻抗與最大剪力模數之預測結果相當一致，顯示以最大剪力模數預測液化阻抗為可行方法。
147. Soil
Classification Using Piezocone in the Taipei Basin
In electric cone penetration tests ( CPT ) the cone resistance, sleeve friction
and the induced pore pressure can be measured at the same time as the piezocone
is being penetrated. During the site investigation of two construction contracts
along the Nankang Line, Taipei MRT Systems, 178 holes of CPT were conducted
to identify the variation and depths of the subsoil layers of the Sungshan
Formation. This paper attempts to correlate the soil type and the cone parameters
by using the established classification charts, based on the Nankang Line CPT
data. Preliminary experience in classification of the sublayers of the Sungshan
Formation in the Taipei Basin using the CPT results is obtained. Relationship
between the cone resistance and the blow counts obtained in the standard penetration
tests (SPT) is also studied.
電子式圓錐貫入試驗(Cone Penetration Test)之錐頭，不僅能量測貫入時之錐頭阻抗、袖管摩擦力，更可同時量測貫入時所激發之超額孔隙水壓力。台北市捷運系統南港線兩處施工標進行工址調查時，曾於現場進行178組圓錐貫入試驗，以求取現場土層之變化及確認工區沿線松山層各次層深度。在許多文獻中均曾以錐頭阻抗、袖管摩擦力、摩擦比等參數對土壤進行分類；本文即利用圓錐貫入試驗之結果與相關文獻已建立之土壤分類圖表，分析各次層之土壤種類與錐頭阻抗、摩擦比之相關性。台北盆地松山層各次層利用圓錐貫入試驗值對土分類已有初步經驗；此外，錐頭阻抗與標準貫入試驗值之關係，亦已作一探討。
148. Ground
Subsidence in Taiwan NITS Cause Current Status and Countermeasures
The demand for groundwater in Taiwan is increasing to the maximum with drawable
quantity. In several areas this has lead to over-exploitation of aquifers resulting
in adverse effects such as ground subsidence and salt water intrusion. The
first ground subsidence in Taiwan was observed sometime in the 1950's at Taipei
Basin, where groundwater was over-with drawn for industrial utilization. The
land remained sinking until restriction of groundwater pumping was enforced
in early 1970's. A direct relationship has been observed between ground levels
and subsidence in this area. Plots of benchmark elevations and water levels
in several localities show nearly parallel patterns for a 30-year period. Since
1970's, aquaculture of eel and shrimp, which need a mixture of fresh and salt
waters, at the western coast has caused considerable ground Subsidence. An
aggregate area of about 1,100km, approximately equal to the area of Hong Kong,
has been affected by subsidence. Maximum observed subsidence is 2.54m at the
Lin-Pien area of the Ping Tung Coastal Plain. The western coastal plain of
Taiwan appears to be especially prone to ground subsidence, where about 1m
of subsidence occurs for every 5m of water-level decline. Thus, it would appear
that the coastal plain of Taiwan is in the early stages of a typical subsidence
history. Although coastal protection measures have been built in the subsidence
areas, there has been very little effort to control the decline of groundwater
levels. However, the government is planning to take remedial action against
subsidence problems. The measures include control of groundwater withdrawals,
feasibility study of groundwater recharge, recycling of aquacultural waste
water, as well as renewal of hydrological and subsidence monitoring network.
The rehabilitation and alternative use of the subsided land are also considered.
地盤下陷是地面在無載重情況下，發生垂直位移為主的沈陷運動。台灣在民國40年代末期即在台北盆地發現地盤下陷現象，60年代開始，沿海地區興起養殖風氣，使地盤下陷情況更形惡化。上以均因大量抽取地下水，以致抽水量甚於天然補注量，致使地下水位下降，土壤的有效應力增加，遂引起未固結沈積物的壓密而發生下陷。此種下陷，影響範圍最廣、下陷速率最快、影響民生至巨。截至民國81年為止，台灣地區下陷的範圍達1,100平方公里，
佔全台灣總面積的3%；累積最大下陷量每個地區不同，最嚴重者達2.54公尺，發生於屏東的塭豐地區。控制這類地盤下陷的方法，最有效者莫如健全地下水管理法令及嚴格限制地下水；另外尚可從土地使用管理規則著手。為了管制地下水，全台灣需建立完善的地下水位及水壓觀測網及地盤下陷監測站，並成立地盤下陷資訊中心，以作為管理決策的依據。由於養殖業已由盛而衰，已發生地盤下陷的地區應如何整復再利亦應未雨先予綢繆。
149. The
Establishment and Application of Ground Subsidence Information System
In recent years, the versatility of Geographic Information System (GIS) has
been recognized and it has been utilized successfully in different applications.
This paper is to present the approach and results of the application of GIS
in the study of ground subsidence problem in Yuan-An, Kaohsiung county. With
the combination of the soil property data, long term monitored results pertaining
to the study of ground subsidence, and the concept of GIS, the Ground Subsidence
Information System (GSIS) was established. Besides the merits of the other
available GIS, this system was found extremely useful not only for the study
of ground subsidence but also for the planning, design and construction of
major engineering project.
近幾年，隨著電腦技術的日新月異，錯綜的大量地理資訊已進入利畢用資料庫整合、管理的階段。空間解析，甚至將分析結果製成易懂清晰的立體地圖以做為製定不同目的或計劃實行前之決策支援系統-地理資訊係統(Geographic
Information System，簡稱GIS)，其角色地位如旭日東昇，逐漸廣泛應用於不同之領域。本文即針對台灣各地區地盤下陷之相關資料以高雄永安地區嘗試建立其"地盤下陷資訊系統"與應用，整個過程、包括資料之種類、收集，各類GIS系統功能之評估選定，繼而進行資料規劃建檔與成果展示和處理，最後並對於系統建立提出與應用說明。除此之外本系統之主要特色乃是國內首次將大地土壤資料與大地監測資料給予整合建立，並與各種圖型資料包括最新科技之衛星影像充份結合，而能隨時提供使用者最新之圖形與屬性資料。另本系統之建立除說明GIS可應用完成"地盤下陷資訊系統"外，更期以此為參考，續而推廣至全國各地區，以建立一完整"全國地盤下陷系統"而對於後續功能之研發，期能結合專家系統(Expert-System)，以達本文所述除發揮地盤下陷預警作用外，進一步完成支援決策系統(Decision
Support System, DSS)之最高功能。
150. Geotechnical
Engineering Design for Taipei Rapid Transit Systems
This Paper discusses several major geotechnical issues for the design of the
Taipei Rapid Transit Systems. The stratigraphy of subsoils and the groundwater
conditions in Taipei Basin are described, followed by the design criteria.
Design considerations for piles, deep excavations and tunneling in respect
to geotechnical engineering are examined. The Integrated Data Storage Centre
established for geotechnical instrumentation is briefly described.
本文的目的在討論台北都會區捷運系統工程在設計階段幾項重要的大地工程課題。首先說明的是台北盆地土層及地下水狀況，然後介紹台北捷運系統的設計規範及準則，再就基樁工程、深開挖工程及隧道工程中大地工程的考慮因素分別加以討論，最後則摘要說明台北捷運系統的大地監測資料庫系統。
151. Subsidence
Monitoring System
Serious Hazards of subsidence occurred in Taiwan recently, so the subsidence
problems are noticed in public. But only few complete monitoring system is
set up, due to budget limit in several projects. In this paper, monitoring
instruments and measuring methods are introduced, and the complete subsidence
monitoring system is suggested at last.
近年來不斷地傳出地盤下陷引起的災情，於是地盤下安問題逐漸受各方面所重視。但受限於經費及各相關研究單位重視的方向有所不同，因此一直未有一較具多功能之完整監測系統。本文將針對地盤下陷相關的監測儀器及量測下陷之各種方法加以介紹，最後並提出建立完整地盤下陷監測系統之建議。
152. Application
of Satellite Technology to Environmental Geotechnology
Ground subsidence is one of the most serious environmental geotechnology problems
in Taiwan. It has been reported that about 1170km2 of land has settled during
the past few decades due to extraction of groundwater. Recently, the Government
sponsored a research which is aimed at providing guidelines for better control
of ground subsidence. One of the major tasks of this research is to introduce
satellite technology in the study of ground subsidence. Global Positioning
System (GPS) has been successfully applied in this study. The major concern
of the GPS application is its accuracy in vertical direction. This study indicates
that the root-mean-square difference between level survey and GPS can be controlled
to be within 2cm which is acceptable for study in large areas with significant
subsidence. Since satellite image can now be relatively frequently and economically
obtained, it has become an extremely useful data in the control of land use.
Tins study introduced the use of neural network concept to process the images
from Satellite SPOT. It can identify the characteristics of land with reasonable
accuracy. The processed image can then be incorporated in a Geographic Information
System (GIS) for land use control. The successful use of satellite technology
in this study indicates that further applications of these techniques in environmental
geotechnical problems are very encouraging.
153. Building
Protection for Construction of Taipei MRT
The paper discusses a few building protection measures adopted in the construction
of the mass rapid transit systems in the Taipei City. Reducing ground movements
at the source was found to be the most effective measures for reducing damage
potential. For deep excavations, wall deflections were reduced to a half by
preloading struts. Further reduction was achieved by improving the soils inside
the excavation. In a few cases, ground treatment was continuous forming buried
struts bracing against two walls. For tunneling, settlements over tunnels were
reduced by simultaneous tail void grouting. Limited success was achieved by
compaction grouting. In clays, dissipation of porewater pressure led to settlement
canceling the benefits of compaction grouting. In sands, a large volume of
grout was required for the heave to be measurable.
154. Braced
Excavation in Soft Ground-Southeast Asia
This paper is one of the "member society" reports prepared for the
Technical Committee on Underground Construction in Soft Ground (TC-28) of the
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. The Southeast
Asian Geotechnical Society (SEAGS) is one of the member society of the ISSMFE
and has members from many countries who do not have independent national society.
For reasons associated with the formation and activities of the SEAGS, Southeast
Asia is defined in this paper as comprising Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore,
Thailand and Republic of China (Taiwan). The total land area of these countries
covers about one million sq km. With a population of more than 100 million,
the Southeast Asia has become the most rapidly developing region in the world
in the past two decades. Deep excavation is invariably a vital part of economic
development and urban construction. Many highrise buildings incorporate basements.
With the increasing scarcity of usable land and soaring price, deeper and deeper
basements are being built. The deepest basement construction in Taipei had
reached six levels. In addition, transportation facilities are also going underground.
Rapid transit systems in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taipei have involved a significant
amount of braced excavation works. Some of the world records in deep excavation
have been made in this region (Moh, 1988).
155. Building
Protection and Instrumentation for Excavation a Case Study
For deep excavation in soft clay, the geotechnical engineer has to consider
the stability of excavation, the safety of bracing system, the protection of
adjacent structures, and so on. In certain cases, soil improvement techniques
may be required in order to reduce lateral displacement of the retaining structure,
subsequent ground settlement and tilt of adjacent structures. This paper describes
a case history of deep excavation in very soft clay in Tien-Mu, Taipei. Soil
improvement methods including jet grouting, soil mixed wall as well as soil
nail have been employed to reduce lateral displacement of the diaphragm wall.
The maximum lateral displacement of the diaphragm wall was estimated to be
19cm if no Soil improvement were employed. With soil improvement, lateral displacements
less than I to 2.5cm were monitored. However, pumping from the artesian layer
existing below the excavation level induced consolidation of the soft clay
layer. Fortunately, because of the uniform settlement, no damage to adjacent
buildings was observed.
大地工程師對於在軟弱粘土層進行之深開挖工程，應綜合考量開挖穩定性、支撐系統安全及鄰房保護等問題，必要時則需進行地質改良工程以減少擋土結構之變位量，及其衍生之地表沈陷和鄰房傾斜情形。本文主要介紹位於台北市天母地區某深開挖工程案例，因該基地土層極為軟弱，影響基礎開挖工程甚鉅，經評估連續壁變位量可能達19公分左右，故進行地質改良工程以減少連續壁變位量，其改變方法包括水泥高壓噴射樁，扶壁式改之(SMW工法)及土釘等施工方式。監測結果顯示實際連續壁變位量僅在1至2.5公分左右。另由於本工程施工中採用深井之強制抽水方式，導致粘性土層之壓密沈陷，惟大部份均勻沈陷現象，並未有鄰房損壞之問題發生。
156. Application
of Remote Sensing in Monitoring of Ground Subsidence
There are lots of disasters of ground subsidence due to extraction of groundwater
in the plane area in Taiwan, such as flowing back of sea water, salification
of groundwater, subsidence of buildings and so on. Because ground subsidence
is one of the most serious environmental geotechnology problems in Taiwan,
recently, the Government sponsored a study which is aimed at providing a guideline
for better monitoring, prediction, and control of ground subsidence, satellite
technology has been successfully applied in this study of Yu-Ann area. The
results of this study are:1. The mean-square-root difference between level
survey and GPS can be controlled to be within 2cm which can be satisfactorily
accepted for the study in large areas with significant subsidence.2. Using
of neural network concept to process the images from Satellite SPOT can identify
the characteristics of land with reasonable accuracy. The processed images
can then be incorporated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) for the land
use control. When combing with other geotechnological data, the system will
be a Ground Subsidence Information System (GSIS).
由於台灣地區在沖積平原地區不當超抽地下水，導致地盤下陷的災害陸續發生，如海水倒灌、地下水鹽化、房屋下陷、公共工程破壞...等。有鑑於問題日益嚴重，且部份重大國家建設將通過下陷區，故政府已加速進行地盤下陷的監測。本研究即以高雄縣永安鄉為研究區，進行地盤下陷監測，其中包括突破傳統監測的方法，如全球定位系統及遙測影像監視等。研究結果顯示：
1.全球衛星定位系統證明可用於快速及廣域的地盤下陷之沉陷量測定上，其誤差約在2公分之內。 2.利畢衛星影像結合地理資訊系統可方便且快速地監視土地利型與範圍之改變；若再結合地盤下陷之監測及分析資料，則可建立地盤下陷資訊系統，供決策者及工程設計者參考。
157. Application
of Risk Management Policy for Chemical Plant
Society is becoming increasingly aware of many chemical plant related hazards
heretofore unknown or ignored. The abundance and severity of these hazards
dictates the need for a structured plan to mitigate risks. An organized body
of information concerning risk, if available to plant officials from top to
bottom level, would support this plan. This paper will address on the essential
features for the-development of a risk prevention and management plan to ensure
the safety of a chemical plant. A good risk prevention and management plan
should be able to answer the following questions: (1) which kind of hazard
or risk we try to prevent and/or mitigate; (2) how can the hazard or risk happen;
(3) what is the people attitude to the hazard or risk; (4) what is the current
safety policy implemented in the plant; and (5) how can the risk reduction
benefit to the plant. The approach consists principally of defining the specific
features under each of the above five questions, increasingly detailed deductions
which qualitatively and/or quantitatively solve the questions. For example,
the specific features of the hazard or risk being concerned are hazard or risk
itself and magnitude of the hazard or risk. To find the solution of how can
the hazard or risk happen, we must be able to identify the cause of the hazard
or risk and the situation in which hazard or risk is encountered. To know the
people attitude to the hazard or risk, we must investigate the manner in which
hazard or risk is perceived and the responsibility of risk or safety management
in which the top management is involved. For the current safety policy, the
items should be discussed are what is the way the hazard or risk is already
managed, how many dollars expended to manage the hazard or risk, and what safety
training program exists. Finally, analyzing the benefit to the risk reduction
can be based on the ratio of dollar damage to dollar benefit such as increasing
the productivity with better quality by reduction human errors, increasing
availability of the system, and reducing the loss caused by the accident. This
paper provides a systematic approach for developing the safety management policy
of a chemical plant, which can be valuable in at least three ways. First, this
paper introduces a systematic way to quantitatively represent risk. Second,
the top management might learn to think in a broader domain-situation of risk,
ratio of dollar damage to dollar expanded to reduce risk, source of risk, better
quality and more productivity etc. And third, with the basis or framework for
rational decision making by identifying a more complete array of risks, the
top management will be able to address- risk/safety management in a broader
domain and to recognize the actual involvement (i.e., he or she really want
to make it safer) which is the essential feature of the success of any safety
management policy.
158. Behavior
of Load Distribution of Single Pile and Group Pile
Three reinforced concrete chimneys, 250m in height, were constructed to serve
six generator units of a fossil-fuel power plant on the seashore of Taichung,
Taiwan. They are founded on individual ring-shape reinforced concrete pile
caps which are in turn supported on closed-end steel pipe piles. All the piles
are 48m in length and 80 cm in diameter. They were considered to be friction
piles because calculations indicated that shaft friction would constitute the
majority of the bearing capacities of the pile foundations. This design concept
was confirmed by loading tests in which six piles were loaded, to twice of
their design loads and very little end bearing was observed in all the six
cases. However, subsequent monitoring during the construction of the chimneys
revealed that the end bearing of the piles increased drastically, obviously,
as a result of group effects and suppressed friction as the predominant components
of resistances. This paper presents the results of loading tests and the findings
obtained from the long-term monitoring of loads in the six test piles. The
load-transfer mechanism is also discussed.
159. Back
Analysis of Subsidence Due to Filling and Ground Water Lowering
The study illustrates how simplest analytical procedures are capable of analyzing
complicated problems. The site studied was newly reclaimed and consolidation
is still ongoing. The groundwater table at the site was once much lowered for
the construction of three underground tanks. Ground settlements have been continuously
monitored since mid-1986. Analyses were performed using the simplest analytical
procedures to compute consolidation settlements caused by the adding of the
fill and the lowering of the groundwater table, and the results obtained are
in an excellent agreement with the readings. The lesson learned: construction
details have to be properly included into consideration for analyses to be
meaningful.
160. Building
Protection for Underground Works
This paper discusses building protection measures for underground works such
as deep excavations and tunneling. More importantly, the limitations and side
effects of these measures, if any, are discussed to enable engineers to make
sound judgment. Some of the case histories in Taipei and Singapore are used
as examples for the purpose of illustration.
161. Application
of Rapid Static GPS Positioning To Leveling
The deployment of GPS satellites is currently complete, so we have good satellite
geometric configuration at any time of a day. The observation time of rapid
static positioning is fairly short but this surveying mode requires good satellite
configuration. The satellite configuration is no more a question now, so the
research of rapid static positioning becomes more important. In this paper
the applicability of rapid static positioning is investigated. When utilized
to determine orthometric heights and compared with heights from precise leveling,
root mean square errors of about 1.3 cm and 1.7 cm are obtained for two different
experiments, respectively. Size of the two experiment areas are about 5kmX4km
and 10kmX20km.
全球定位系統的衛星發射目前已臻完備階段，幾乎24小時均有良好的衛星幾何分佈；而快速靜態定位方式的特色在於觀測時間短，但於觀測時段內須良好的衛星幾何分佈方能確保定位精度。目前良好的衛星幾何分佈已不是問題，因此更促使吾人對快速靜態定位進行研究。本文即針對快速靜態定位進行應用性研究；當應用於衛星高程測量與精密水準測量成果相比時，於5km×4km與10km×20km的實驗區內分別得1.3cm與1.7cm的均方根誤差。
162. Application
of Ambiguity Function Method to Satellite Leveling
Setting phase observables in cosines. Ambiguity Function Method(AFM) finds
out its solution by accumulating the phase data. In the case of a short baseline,
we can eliminate in AFM atmospheric effects when using double-difference carrier
phases AFM. But the longer a baseline reaches, the more significant the atmospheric
effects become. In this paper, we use AFM to determine a baseline of about
9 km by our program named MANGO. The repeataibilities in horizontal and baseline
length are about 0.3 cm, and in geometric height 0.9 cm. Finally, we do a satellite
leveling in an experiment area about 5km x 4km. After datum transformation,
we compare the orthometric heights with the leveled heights by NA-3000. A root
mean square error of 0.6 cm results.
模稜函數法為利用相位餘弦化進行累加約制的求解方法。在較短基線二次差分模稜函數法求解可視為大氣效應完全消除。但隨著基線拉長，大氣效應則必須加以考慮。本文以九公里等級基線進行模稜函數法探討，以自行設計之程式集(MANGO)求解，其在平面及基線求解之垂覆性為0.3cm，高程向為0.9cm。最後以5km×4km之實驗區進行衛星測量高程求解，並經基準轉換成高和NA-3000水準儀實測高程進行比較，其均方根誤差為0.6cm。
163. Jet
Grouting and Field Trials
This article presents the relationship among pump characteristics, outflow
rate and jetting velocity in jet grouting. The constituents of soilcrete are
similar to concrete, however, there exists more uncertainties for the quality
control of soilcrete. The major factors which affect the quality of soilcrete
are presented, as well as the major uncertainties in predicting the in-situ
soilcrete. To assure the quality of soilcerete, field trials and sampling are
necessary. A case study of field trial to make sure the strength of soilcrete
in Tienmu, Taipei is addressed. Both field procedures and sample evaluation
are addressed. These can help engineers to choose the pump pressure, lifting
speed, rod rotation speed, cement consumption and admixtures for other similar
projects.
本文由流體力學理論觀點來探討高壓噴射灌漿中之高壓幫浦功率、灌漿流量與噴射速率間的關係。高壓噴射灌漿形成的改良土與混凝土有些類似，但其不確定因素更多，文中就改良土之特性予以說明。為確保高壓噴射灌漿之施工品質，試灌檢核是相當重要的，本文介紹一個位於台北天母地區的施工案例，其灌漿的目的在要求土壤強度，從試灌的過程、取樣評估的結果以選擇全灌漿時採用的灌漿壓力、提有速率、迴轉速率以及水泥、添加劑用量等
，供地工界類似工程案例之參考。
164. State
Parameter and Engineering Properties of Taipei Silty Sand
Triaxial compression tests are performed on remolded samples to study the
state parameter of Taipei silty sand. The effect of different fines content
on steady state line, and the relationship between state parameter and engineering
properties are investigated. Test results show that fines content has great
influence on the steady state line. Correlations exist between the state parameter
and various engineering properties, such as the peak undrained shear strength,
pore pressure parameter at failure, under undrained condition, and friction
angle of shearing resistance and dilation rate under drained condition.
本研究針對台北粉質砂土之重模試體，進行三軸壓縮試驗，探討不同細粒料含量對穩定狀態之影響、狀態參數與工程性之關係。議驗結果顯示細粒料含量對穩定狀態線之影響很大。不排水條件下，狀態參數與正規化之不排水力強度、破壞時之孔隙水壓參數等存有密切關係；排水條件下，狀態參數可反應破壞時之摩擦角與膨脹率。
165. Response
of Sandy Gravel Layers to Compaction Grouting
The purposes of compaction grouting include: (a) to density soils, hence,
to reduce subsequent settlements and (b) to lift up structures. This paper,
based on the results of a trial carried out for Contract CC275 of the Taipei
Mass Rapid Transit Systems, discusses the effects of procedure, surcharge and
the slump of grout on the effectiveness of compaction grouting. It has been
found that:(a) permanent heave can be achieved in sandy gravels, (b) grout
with large slump will not result in hydraulic fracturing, and (c) surcharge
in a small area will not affect the pattern of cone failure, however, ground
heave will be reduced locally.
擠壓灌漿(Compaction Grouting)之目的在：(1)擠實土壤以減少後續沉陷及(2)借局部地表隆起將已傾斜的建築物扶正。本文根據台北市捷遲系CC275標之擠壓灌漿試灌所得資料分析施作方式、地表荷重及漿材之坍度對擠壓灌漿成效之影的，並分析破壞模式及機制。結果顯示(1)在砂礫層中施作擠壓灌漿的確可以產生永久性地表隆起(2)高坍度漿材不會造成脈狀破壞主要的破壞模式是錐狀破壞，(3)小后域荷重不會影響錐狀破壞之時機，但會減少荷重區及其鄰近地區之隆起。
166. Failure
Mechanism Induced by Jet Grouting in Cohesive Soils
This paper applies the cylindrical cavity expansion model to study the failure
mechanism induced by jet grouting in cohesive soils. Results of analyses indicate
that the cavity pressure for triple tube grouting is less than the pressure
which could induce failure. The single and double tube techniques cause higher
cavity pressures which may exceed the critical failure pressure. Observations
confirm the merits of triple tube technique on heave control and validate the
theoretical failure mechanism.
本文以圓筒型孔穴擴張模式分析高壓噴射灌漿引致黏性土破壞之機制。分析結果顯示三重管工法施灌時孔內壓力低於破壞之臨界壓力，而採用雙重管及單重管工法時，孔內壓力則高於臨界壓力；觀測結果除確認三重管工法具有控制隆起優點外，並驗證理論破模式之適用性。
167. Evaluation
of Engineering Properties and Liquefaction Resistance of a Silty Sand by
its State Parameter
The engineering properties and liquefaction resistance of a silty sand were
evaluated by its state parameter in this paper. Triaxial compression tests
and torsional simple shear tests were performed on remolded samples of a silty
sand to study the effects of several factors on the steady state line, such
as the fines content, sample preparation, stress path, and loading rate. Test
results of undrained cyclic torsional simple shear test showed that more or
less linear relationship exists between state parameter and liquefaction resistance.
168. Analysis
of Groundwater Record Subjected to Tidal Influence
The Theis and the Jacob methods are often used in analyzing pumping test data
to obtain transmissibility, K, and storativity, S. In areas close to shores
or tidal rivers, groundwater-table may be influenced by tides. A systematic
approach to compute correct K or S from field data is needed for practical
purposes. Groundwater table was monitored' at a site near the junction of Hsin-Tien
Creek and Tam-Shui River. Analysis indicate that there are two mechanisms involved.
A general approach to filter the tidal effects from groundwater records is
suggested and possible net recharge is discussed.
一般所使用的地下水資料分析多半是以抽水試驗所得之數據，以 Theis's method 或 Jacob method等，以模擬拘限或非拘限含水層中的K值與S值。但在鄰近海邊或河邊的地下水位變化會受潮汐之影響而致難以分析。為了確實推估K值與S值有必要發展出一系統性之分析方法。確定河水或海水潮位後，其傳遞至地下不同土質層之機制往往又有所不同。今發近新店溪與淡水河之現場所取各點，不同高程與位置觀測井測得之水位會隨潮汐而變化。對河水資料頻率分析之結果發現有M2與K1潮。再由觀測井所測得在不同高層下各點的水位對時間的變化，以Harmonic
analysis 來作潮位分析，以確定潮汐之影響傳遞時間，而以其波高，傳遞速度來判別此波浪之傳遞方式。我們發現以上三種不同機制都存在，在淺層非拘限層有滲漏之機制。稍深之拘限層則為Todd之傳遞機制。最深層之拘限層(50米深以上)則為動壓影響之範圍。針對一般抽水試驗之結果我們也提出一系統方法來過濾潮汐之影響以便找出傳導係數(k)
169. Response
of Soft Soil to Compaction Grouting
During the construction of the Taipei Rapid Transit Systems, many field trials
on compaction grouting have been carried out. The results show that the ground
improvement effects are very limited arid that the amount of ground heave induced
is closely related to the pore water pressure, of which the generation and
dissipation depend upon the volume and the rate of injection. In clay, grouting
is likely to induce minor heave followed by settlement as excess pore water
pressure dissipates. The amount of settlement may even exceed the ground heave.
In sand, injection of a large quantity of grout is able to induce local failure
which forms permanent heave to serve the purpose of rectifying structure tilling.
Experiences show that compaction grouting shall be applied at deeper stratum
for expanding the zone of influence and for reducing the influence of grouting
on nearby retaining wall and bracing systems. Although literatures recommend
low-slump grouting materials shall be used to avoid soil fracture, higher lump
materials may have to be used to reduce the friction along the pipeline in
order to inject a large quantity of grout into deep stratum.
台北都會區大眾捷運系統施工期間，在松山第五及第六次層中，曾經作過多次擠壓灌漿之現場試驗。結果顯示(1)在松山層內施作，其土壤改良之效果極為有限，(2)地表之隆起與超額孔隙水壓之激發和消散密切相關，而超額孔隙水壓之激發和消散取決於土壤之透水度及漿材之注入量與注入速率。在粘土中，施作期間地表雖然有小量隆起，但隨超額孔隙水壓之消散而回沉，回沉至超過原先之隆起量。只有在砂土層中注入大量漿材造成上方覆土局部破壞，才可以產生永久性隆起達到扶正建築物的目的。經驗顯示擠壓灌漿應在深層施作以加大地表隆起之面及減少其對擋土牆與支統之影響。現有文獻大多建議採用低坍度漿材以免土壤產生脈狀破壞，但根據這些試灌結果研判，若欲達到深層注入大量漿材之目的，則有提高漿材坍度以減少灌漿管內摩擦損耗之必要。
170. Application
of Jet Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering
Jet grouting uses high speed water jet to undermine soils, then replaces and
mixes the disturbed soils with cement grout. This ground treatment technique
has been extensively applied in deep excavations and tunneling works to improve
soil strengths, watertightness and for maintaining the integrity of adjacent
structures. However, injection pressures of the order of 20 or 40 MPa would
induce soil failure and the subsequently heave and settlement. This paper describes
the 3 types of jet grouting techniques and studies the attributing factors
for ground movements of which the impact is illustrated by case histories.
高壓噴射灌漿之特點為以高壓噴射液挖掘土體，同時將挖 掘之土體與水泥漿混合及置換，增加土壤之強度及止水性，在岩土工程中廣泛採用於深開挖及隧道工程，作為施工安全措施；亦採用於維護鄰近結構物整性。由於高壓噴射灌漿施作時因採用高達20至40MPa之壓力，施工時極易因灌漿孔內壓力高於覆土壓力而導致土體破壞，繼而產生地盤之隆起及沉陷。本文敘述高壓噴射灌漿之三類施工方法，探討導致隆起之因素，並以案例說明高壓噴射灌漿施工所導致地面位移及其影響。
171. A
Case History on Building Protection
As the distance from the cut-and-cover tunnel to South Gate, a historical
monument, is only 4 m, it is anticipated that the settlement induced by the
construction would exceed the tolerable limit. Settlement reduction measures
which include micro-piles, 0.45m diameter cast-in-place piles and buried struts
have been applied prior to the excavation. The final settlement was controlled
to within 25mm. This case history describes the details of the various protective
measures, of which the performance is critically assessed.
台北捷運系統南港線臨近台北市之法定古蹟麗正門(原古台北城之南門)，由於隧道施工與城門建物距離僅約4公尺，在前期設計階段作中，即曾針對施工可能對其造成之影響進行評估，結果為施工可能引致建物產生近5.9公分之沉陷量，而超出建物所能容許程度。因而，在設計圖說中要求承商於施工過程中對該建物加以保護，並於現場設置各項監測儀器加以監控，該標準商於現場施工前，亦針對該建物進行評估，並提出於擋土壁與建物配施作微型樁、預壘樁及開挖區內側之地中樑，以期減少建物沉陷量，在保護措施與擋土壁施作過程，及施作完畢直至開挖進行前，即已引起約1.9公分之沉陷量，幾達設計階段所訂定之監測警戒值(2公分)，但在後續之開挖過程中，所發生之沉陷量甚微，總沉陷量並未超出規定之行動值(2.5公分)，最大傾角亦僅有1分38秒(警戒值為4分)，且壁體最大變形量亦僅有1.3公分。本文對設計階段評估結果，及施工階段監測結果，配合現場施工時程提出說明，驗證所採取建物保護措施之施作效果，並希望能以此實例之施工結果，作為後續例之參考。
172. History
and Professional Development of Engineering Geology in Taiwan
Post-World War II and the stress of war-time economics has placed new demands
on all phases of industrial development in Taiwan since late 1940. The economic
expansion were manifested in many engineering geology-related problems. For
example, (1) the need for increased supplies of water resources and power (including
hydroelectric and nuclear); (2) construction of highway, and railway; (3) the
need for large pumping storage; (4) the demands for terrain analysis to serve
the slopeland development; (5) more recently, engineering geology is a major
factor during the planning and construction of long tunnel, subway, and artificial
island. The early 1950's was the initiate stage of engineering geology development
in Taiwan. The greatly increased demand for the services of engineering geologists
to plan and participate in the construction of dams, nuclear power plants,
freeway, and railway during the late 1960's and the 1970's charged both scientific
thinking and professional practice for engineering geologists. During the 1980's,
the new focus was on physical processes and associated events, the reaction
of natural environments to operating works; the systematic regional mapping
of hazard-prone areas was performed during this period for the purpose of slope
land development. Engineering geology problems in the fields of groundwater
and environmental geotechnical engineering are steadily increase in number
and scope due to industrial growth and demand for higher living standards.
工程地質，顧義即為與土木工程有密切關係的應用地質學知識，故工程地質在台灣發展之步調與政府施政的方向(尤其是公共工程建設)息息相關。台灣光復初期，政府財政維艱，經畫尚未大規模展開，少許的工程地質活動，主要是與水力發電的規劃工作有關，或承襲日據時代的水力發電規劃而行(如大甲溪沿河之一連串水力發電開發計畫)。至六○年代以後，政府開始推展一連串經建計畫，如石門水庫及曾文水庫之興建、十項建設、十二項建設、十四項建設及至目前持續進行的六年國建，帶動了大規模的土木建設，其工程的規模與困難度愈來愈高，也相對提昇了工程地質發展的水準。本文簡敘四十多年來，工程地質在台灣發展的經過，僅以年代的先後敘述參與相關建設的單位，並列舉在其中較具代表性之工程地質活動與技術發展。
173. Application
of Satellite Technology to Land Subsidence Study
Due to ground subsidence is one of the most serious environmental problems
in Taiwan, the government fall to doing some monitoring researches on subsidence,
and one of them is the possible application of satellite technology. Satellite
technology has two applications in monitoring ground subsidence, including:
1) Global Positioning System (GPS), and 2) satellite images. Although the precision
of elevation survey is limited by the present technology of GPS, it can be
improved by using backward intersection method development in this study. The
mean-square-root differences of elevation measurements as recorded between
GPS and level survey are all within 2 cm, and this performance from GPS can
be satisfactorily accepted for the study in large areas with significant subsidence.
The images from Satellite SPOT are also used in this study and by neural network
classification, can easily identical the characteristics of land with reasonable
accuracy. The processed images, which incorporated in a Geographic Information
System (GIS) can be employed in the Land-use control. Combining with other
geotechnological data, this system will become a Ground Subsidence Information
System (GSIS),and can offer assistance for users and decision makers.
由於台灣地區地盤下陷問題嚴重，政府已著手對下陷情況進行監控研究，其中一項即是引進衛星技術。衛星技術在地盤下陷之應用有二：一為全球定位系統，一為衛星影像。全球定位系統衛星測量於高程測量上有其技術上之限制，本研究利用空間後方交會法提高其高程測量之精度。研究顯示其測量成果與精密電子式水準測量成果比較，其均方根誤差皆在2公分之內，證實此科技於地盤下陷監測之可行性。本次研究亦利用法國SPOT衛星拍攝得之衛星影像，經類神經網路分類法進行個動化的土地覆蓋分類，由於台灣目前已設有衛星接收站，可進行土地利用監控，其成果顯著，可推廣至各重大工程經過之下陷地區。此外，衛星影像可進一步與地理資訊系統結合，配合其他監測資料，成為地盤下陷資訊系統，以供決策者與設計者參考。
174. Case
Study-Construction Management for Shin Kong Life Tower Project
Construction project in private sector is always handled with high sensitivity
on market and return. The objectives of construction management are not only
quality, cost and schedule to be achieved by end of the project, equally Important
are flexibility and efficiency which could cope With changes of various kind
during the process. Shin Kong Life Tower is a modern 51-story building in Taipei
(the highest by the time of its completion). With its fast-track approach and
high quality requirements, the construction contract employed a nominated subcontract
system. This paper discusses the background, concept and mechanism of the system
which reflect the need for flexibility and efficiency in private project.
民間企業投資的工程計劃由於對市場及利潤的敏感度，其營建管理的課題除了要追求品質、成本、進度等目標之外，更重要的是在作業中加入彈性及效率。以往的工程規模小，團隊組織單純時，業主可用絕對的自主權處理各種錯綜複雜的技術及非技術因素。但是當工程變成五十層的摩天大樓，施工地點在市中心交通要衝，施工者是國際承包商時，只有現代的管理方法加上相互的信任尊重才能使整個計劃順利推動。本文將就台北市火車站前新光人壽摩天大樓新程採用選定專業分包方式的背景、方法及角色功能加以闡述，以反映民間大型工程在營建管理方面的特性及要求。
175. Study
of Operation Technology for Anaerobic Process
To enforce environmental protection policy, the Republic of China EPA has
promulgated the "1998 Waste Water Effluent Standards", a sterner
edition than the pre one, in 1991. To meet this new standard, many factory
owned waste water treatment plants will need be upgraded. Among upgrading the
plant, there is a tendency to incorporate anaerobic process with aerobic process
as parts of treatment units, especially when the waste water contains large
amount of organic components. Because the proper operation is closely related
to the success of whole treatment process, we are eager to propose the study
of anaerobic operation techniques. The reaction mechanism and environment factors
of the anaerobic process will be discussed in this article and the operational
guidelines and trouble shooting of different contact media, e.g. UASB and AF,
will also be covered. Finally, a case study for the treatment of waste water
from brewery industry by using UASB as a pre treatment of aerobic process will
be discussed. The successful story of application of UASB in brewery industry
can be used as a reference while conducting similar waste water treatment.
配合政府的環保政策，環保署已民國80年公佈較嚴格的87年的放流水標準。為了符合87年的排放水標準，諸多業者已紛紛著手擴建或設置污水處理廠的計畫，其中具高有機污水的廠家有採行壓氧生物處理搭配喜氣生物處理的趨勢。由於操作的適當與否關係處理的成敗；基於此緣故，乃提出壓氧生物處理操作技術的喃究。文中將針對壓氧生物處理的反應機制、環境因子做一簡明介紹，並舉UASB及AF兩種不同接觸質型態的厭氧生物處理逼例，逐一說明其操作因子及防治對策；最後列舉美國釀酒業採行UASB作為喜氣生物處理之前處理的成果案例，介以提供吾人爾後在進行類似的污水處理的參考。
176. Moire
Interferometry on The Thermal Deformation of Structural Component
本文主旨在提出Moire Interferometry於加溫環境下之應用。首先就可耐高溫之光學量測系統介紹其設計觀念及所克服之困難。隨後以切削刀頭作為試片，模擬一般由不同材質組合之結構構件，在加溫過程中表面熱變形之量測。實驗結果顯示，不同材質間存在顯著的變形不連續及應變集中。同時，清晰穩定的干涉條紋證明此實驗系統的穩定性。最後，採用高解析資料分析方法取得應變分布。本文結合高溫Moire及高解析資料分析方法之優點，將可為日溫環境中，結構構件之研考提供有力的量測分析利器。
177. Hybrid-Numerical
Method on Stress Analysis and Failure Prediction of Damaged Structures
Structural component of civil and other engineering are often inherited defects
during manufacture or damages during construction and services. It is critical
to understand the effect of damages and defects to the behavior of structure
before its further use. To evaluate this effect and predict its failure, stresses
around the irregular area must be closely estimated. A Hybrid-Numerical method
which combines experimental technique and finite element modelling has been
employed to analyze the stresses. First the displacement field around an irregular
area is surveyed with Digital Image Correlation method. It is then used as
boundary conditions in the finite element analysis. Structures made of composite
materials with circular hole and impact damages have been investigated as examples
in this report.
178. Control
of Sliding-Isolated Buildings Subjected to Strong Earthquakes by Using Dynamic
Linearization
The control method of dynamic linearization for buildings equipped with a
frictional-type base sliding system against strong earthquakes is presented.
The dynamic behavior of a building isolated by a base sliding system is highly
nonlinear. This method is to synthesize the control vector such that the response
of base-isolated building matches that of a template system, whereas the dynamic
behavior of the desirable template system is known. Through numerical simulations,
the performance of the control method is shown to be remarkable. Furthermore,
only one velocity sensor is needed to be installed on each side of the base
sliding system and no other sensor is required to be installed on the building,
making the control method very attractive for practical applications.
179. Application
of Uncertainty Treatment Methods in Structural Damage Evaluations
在結構損害度(Structural Damage Assessment)的過程中，不確定因素(Uncertainty)的處理是一個不可缺少的要件。不確定因素的處理不但是土木工程領域這些年來研究的重要項目，同時也是決策分析、哲學、統計學及心理學等領域長期以來探討的重要課題。經由學者專家們長期的努力，現已研發出數個不確定因素的處理模式，這些模式並曾先後的被應用於專家系統(Expert
System)上。本文將確定因子法(Certainty Factors of MYCIN)、模糊集合理論 (Fuzzy Set Theory)及因果網狀圖(Causal
Network)三種不確定因素的處理模式，有效的結合在一起，應用結構損害度的評估上。
180. Environmental
Protection and How Safe is Safe Enough
With the recognition of the importance of environmental protection, society
is becoming increasingly aware of the environment related problems heretofore
unknown or ignored. However, the government officials, private agencies and
industry owners currently do not have the same perspective to solve the environment
and safety related problems. The argument on the perspectives among different
parties already caused considerable costs to society. The basic problem to
cause the argument is that environmental protection and safety issue is as
much a socio-political problem as it is a technical one. "This basic problem
will be discussed in this paper in detail. Also, the application of risk analysis
for answering the question of "How safe is safe enough?" or "How
clean is clean?" will be covered. Finally, a risk management policy for
the nuclear power plant industry suggested by U.S. NRC will be introduced,
which provides a reference for how to deal with a public agenda for potential
hazards accompanying benefit of technological ventures.
隨著環保意識的抬頭，國人已逐漸重視以前所忽略的或不知的與環境保護有關的問，但由於政府、民眾及工商業團體在環境保護與安全問題上認知的差距，國人已在這些問題的爭議上付出了可觀的社會成本。此一認知差距的產生，在於環保的問題暨是一個科技的也是一個政治的課題。文中將對此基本問題有所說明。同時介紹如何以風險的角度，量化的分析方法去處理與環保有關的問題，以便在政治的"多安全才是安全"及"多乾淨才是乾淨"的辭議上有了交談的空間。最後本文將介紹美國原子能委員會(U.S.
NRC)在應用風險角度評估及確保美國核能電安王時特別注意的事項，以供國人在從事環境保護與安全問題方面的研究參考。
181. Current
Deep Foundation Practice in Taiwan and Southeast Asia
The current practice of constructing deep foundations, including driven piles,
drilled shafts, large diameter drilled caissons, barrette foundations and minipiles,
in Southeast Asia is reviewed. Research studies which have been conducted in
this region on aspects of negative skin friction, pile group effects, pressure
grouting at pile toes and the use of backbone t-z curves and their mutants
for unloading-and reloading for evaluating the performance of piles are briefly
discussed.
182. Deep
Foundation Practice in Taiwan
This paper presents a summary of the current deep foundation practice in Taiwan.
Constructions of driven piles, drilled shafts, and barrette foundations are
reviewed. This paper also presents major research results on piling in the
past few years. Discussed research topics include the development of residual
stress after pile driving, the long-term down drag force on pile, the load
distribution of group piles, pressure grouting at pile toes, the application
of CPT in pile design, and the use of backbone t-z curves for evaluating the
performance of piles.
183. Slope
Stabilization Problems for Interbedded Sandstone and Mudstone
This paper describes the slope stability problems for the interbedded sandstone
and mudstone formations. The influencing factors include engineering characteristics,
faulting and folding conditions. The suitability, merits, limitations and construction
considerations for various stabilization measures which include rock anchor,
pile wall, earth buttress, counter-filling and rock bolts are provided. Particular
attention for considerations on investigation, design and construction are
presented.
本文主要 係依據台灣北部卓蘭層砂泥岩互層邊坡工程之調查、設計與施工經驗，說明砂泥岩互層邊坡因砂岩與泥岩不同之工程特性、互層狀況與受褶皺等地質構造影響而常發生之穩定問題，並介紹使用於此種岩盤之邊坡穩定工法，包括預力地錨、擋土排樁、土牆、反荷重填土與岩等工法之適用條件、優缺點及設計與施工之注意事項，最後並對砂泥岩互層邊坡工程之調查設與施工重點提出歸納建議，以作為工程實務之參考。
184. Stabilization
for a Shallow Colluvial Slope
This paper describes the design considerations for the stabilization of a
shallow colluvial slope from the geotechnical engineering and environmental
protection points of view. The application and the testing results of soil
nailing in rock and in colluvium are discussed. This case history demonstrates
that well planned and implemented drainage system and slope protections are
of vital importance for preventing construction hazards.
本文以淺層崩積土邊坡穩定工程案例，說明穩定設計所需考慮地工程及環境維護之因素，並報導土釘於岩盤及崩積層之應用及拉力試驗結果。本案例並進一步說明妥善規劃及施工之排水系統與護坡工程，為防範施工期間發生工程災害之重要關鍵。
185. Development
and Application of a Geographic Information System
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a powerful tool for integrating graphical
and digital data bases so that information can be stored, analysed, managed
and demonstrated systematically. Moh and Associates has established a geotechnical
GIS by integrating information contained in separate technical reports into
a unified system. Users can obtain all the information through this system
without repeating the efforts for data collection and compilation. The status
of construction and instrument data can be quickly viewed on screens. This
GIS therefore will not only improve the efficiency but also will enhance the
quality of professional services.
自從台灣引進地理資訊系統(Geographic Information System, GIS)至今已有相當程度之應用，包括政府機關、學術單位及民營單位對於地理資訊系統之發展研究不遺餘力。目前亞新工程顧問公司正著手建立大地資訊系統，期將各種監測儀器資料庫、土壤資料庫及圖形資料庫加以整合，建立一套適用於大地工程使用之地理資訊系統。並以大地資訊系統為基礎，結合各種模擬模式及專家系統介面等分析工具，以建立功能性齊備之空間決策支援系統(Spatial
Decision Support System, SDSS)，期能將地理資訊系統之功能充分應用於大地工程之中。
186. The
Automation of the Geotechnical Instrumentation System
An automatic system has been developed to record the geotechnical instrument
monitoring data. Supplemented by various interfacing programs, data storage
and retrieval can be done in an efficient manner. The system significantly
reduces the manhours for data key-in, reporting, manual verification and the
subsequently back-analyzing works. Utilizing the tele-communication network
and personal computers, information and timely warning can be transmitted instantly
from field to various interfaces such as client, contractors and designers.
During the Geotechnical Engineering Specialty Consultancy (GESC) servicing
period, Moh and Associates has successfully applied this automatic system to
collect and interpret monitoring data for 47 construction contracts which generate
9 million sets of data from 30 types of instrument. An Integrated Data Storage
Center (IDSC) and 18 field monitoring stations have been established for the
operation of the system.
一般營造工地中設置大地監測系統者，其作業包含監測儀器之裝設、施工過程中例行與特殊需求之量測、量測資料之收集與分析、依工程特性要求適時提出所需之警戒訊息等項目。在傳統之作業方式中，大部份係由人工先行鍵入測讀資料，方能配合個人電腦製作報表，至於如何提出工程所需之預警訊息，則更需仰賴大批文書作業、人工確認之程序，更遑論後續回饋分析工作之進行。若能藉由使用監測資料自動記錄系統，進行監測資料讀與收集、各項監測資料庫之完整建立、擷取各式各樣資料(測讀資料、施工時程、儀器裝設記錄等)介面程式之撰寫(包含供現場工程司研判施工現況安全性，及後續各類分析工作之所需)，將可節省上述傳統作業所需之大量人時，並可解決因儲存大批報表資料所需之空間；此外利用便捷之通信線路及發展已趨成熟之通訊軟體，在現場配備簡單之個人電腦，即可進行施工現場各介面(業主、主次承商及設計顧問)間資料之傳輸、各項預警訊息告知等項作業。除可利用原先設定之簡易判定原則過濾多筆資料以節省人時外，尚可掌握預警時機，並節省作業時間。亞新工程顧問公司，在擔任台北市捷運局初期路網之大地工業顧問(GESC)期間，為減輕47個施工標、30餘種監測儀器、多達900萬筆監測資料之收集與研判，除於公司總部設立一資料處理中心外，並在現場設置18個監測站；並著手於各種監測資料庫之建立及各項使用者介面程式之發展，供各處監測站及資料處理中心之使用，並適時提供預警，監測站與資料中心間並可藉由電訊傳輸系統之方式相互溝通，可在緊急狀況時提供快速資訊之研判與分析。
187. Pullout
Tests Using Steel Grid Reinforcements with Low-Quality Backfill
Both laboratory and field pullout tests are conducted using steel grid reinforcements
with cohesive-frictional backfill soils. The laboratory pullout tests are performed
using a large-scale pullout apparatus designed especially for this study. The
field pullout tests are performed on the dummy welded-wire reinforcements embedded
in a full-scale reinforced test wall/embankment system that utilize three different
locally available, low-quality. cohesive-frictional backfill soils, namely
clayey sand, lateritic soil, and weathered clay, in the three sections along
its length. It is observed that the magnitudes of the mobilized field pullout
resistances as well as the strains induced in the reinforcing elements are
strongly influenced by the response of the wall/embankment system to the subsoil
movements and the resulting arching effects due to the presence of the inextensible
reinforcements. Meanwhile, the laboratory pullout test results generally seem
to provide a conservative approximation of the field pullout resistances of
the grid reinforcements in cohesive-frictional backfills. Using the finite
element method to model the laboratory pullout tests, the analytical results
are observed to agree fairly well with the experimental results.
188. Pore
Pressure and Stress Changes during Excavation
This paper presents the application of non-linear finite element analysis
for predicting excavation performance in Taipei. The analysis uses the finite
element program ABAQUS incorporating a generalized effective stress model referred
as MIT-E3. The predictions are in very good agreement with the measurements
of soil deformations, groundwater conditions, earth pressures and wall deflections.
This paper concentrates on discussion of pore pressure and stress changes on
the diaphragm wall. It indicates that significant wall adhesion developed during
excavation. The predicted total vertical stress is very different from the
overburden pressure that commonly assumed in design.
189. Soft
Ground Tunnelling in Taiwan
With the launching of many large scale underground construction projects,
soft ground tunnelling has attracted much attention in Taiwan in recent years.
Described herein are the various techniques commonly employed in Taiwan and
several unique schemes as measures for protecting building along the routes.
190. Pore
Pressure Response to Shield Tunnelling in Soft Clay
Presented herein are the data obtained for a section of tunnel driven in the
K1 Zone of the Taipei Basin with the aim of understanding the porewater pressure
response to shield driving. It has been found that tremendously high excess
porewater pressures were induced but their distribution is limited to a distance
of one diameter from the edge of the tunnel.
191. Consolidation
Settlements due to Tunnelling
Consolidation settlements and ground loss settlements due to tunneling have
totally different mechanisms and are thus affected by different factors. It
is therefore necessary to study them separately. However, since the beginning
and the ending of consolidation are difficult to ascertain, a consistent definition
of consolidation settlement is needed for studies to be meaningful. A procedure
is proposed herein for such a purpose and an example is given to illustrate
its application.
192. Groundwater
Problems for Deep Excavations in Gravel Deposits in Taipei Basin
The piping or blow-in failure mechanism during deep excavation generally shall
be prevented by dewatering with the excavation. Because the gravel layer is
highly permeable, it will be of vital importance for groundwater control where
the base of the excavation encounters gravel layer. This paper presents the
case histories of groundwater control measures for the construction of ventilation
shafts at Contract CH221 and CP261, Taipei Rapid Transit Systems, to demonstrate
the various considerations on aspects of design and construction.
深開挖工程之管湧或上舉破壞通常須於開挖區底部抽水而防止。由於礫石層之高透水性，地下水之控制方法為礫石層深開挖施工成敗之重要關鍵。本文以台北都會區捷運系統新店線CH221標及板橋線CP261標通風井之施工案例，說明礫石層地下水控制於設計與施工上之考量，以作為後續工程界設計與施工之參考。
193. Hydraulic
Parameters for Chingmei Gravels
The Chingmei Formation in Taipei Basin area is mainly composed of sandy gravel.
The results of hydraulic parameters derived from previous pumping tests are
unreliable due to relatively small pumping rates and insufficient drawdowns.
This paper presents the results of a study for a multi-well pumping test which
was conducted at the ventilation shaft of Contract CP261 of the Taipei Rapid
Transit Systems. The Thesis theoretical method has been adapted to assess the
transmissivity and storativity of the Chingmei gravel layer. Results of analyses
show that the transmissivity of this gravel layer is significantly higher than
those previous reported and that in this particular case linear analysis is
valid for the interpretation of the multi-well pumping.
台北盆地之景美層主要由砂質礫石組成。過往所進行抽水試驗，因抽水量小及洩降量不顯著，所得之水理參數正砲存疑。本文根據台北捷運工程CP261標通風井B之一多井抽水試驗結果，以Theis理論方法，推估景美層導水係數及儲水係數。分析結果顯示景觀礫石層之導水係數遠較前所報導之數值為大；同時線性分析適用於多井抽水試驗結果之研判
194. Case
History of Stabilization of Highway Slopes
本文首先回顧道路邊坡崩塌之可能原因及其防治方法，接著再介紹國內三個崩塌道路邊坡之整治工程成功案例，採用之工法包括有鑽掘式與手掘沈箱式擋土排樁、土牆與岩錨。由這些案例所獲得的調查、分析、設計與施工經驗，可作為道路邊坡崩塌整治工程實務之參考。
195. The
Application of Piezocone to Evaluate the Consolidation Characteristics of
Silty Clays
由於圓錐貫入試驗具有可獲得土層連續資料之特性，近年來更因為水壓錐之出現，使得利用圓錐貫入試驗作土層分類之可信度提高不少。至於在分析土壤之壓密性質方面，分析之前應先建立土壤因圓錐貫入後之行為模式。過去用以分析因圓錐貫入土層後，圓錐周圍土壤之力學行為大多以承載力理論或孔穴擴張理論來解釋，然而此二理論其假設條件與實際土壤行為有所出入，況閱承載力理論並無法反應因圓錐貫入後土壤之水力性質。本文將以較能合理反應如樁基礎、取樣管、圓錐貫入等深層貫入問題土壤行為之應變路徑法，配合二向度壓密所建立之理論值，分析台北盆地基一(K1)區基隆河沿岸粉質粘土之壓密性質，並與試驗室單向度壓密試驗結果比較，探討該法與實際大地工程應用之可行性，
196. Land
Subsidence of the Lanyang Plain
本文主要係說明蘭陽平原地盤下陷調查結果，並探討地盤下陷發生之機制。調查期間自民國81年12月83年4月，裝設之監測儀器包括沈陷點、多點式伸張儀、水壓計及深孔地盤下陷觀測井。依據調查結果顯示蘭陽平原地區目前地下水位有逐漸回升，並且地盤下陷亦有趨緩之情形，地盤下陷較顯著之地區為宜蘭市、壯圍鄉、五結鄉及羅東市等地，惟速率僅約4至8公厘/
年。由實測與理論分析結果顯示，土層變位與地下水壓之變化有極密切之關係；蘭陽平原地區地盤下陷主要係由於地下水之人為抽取大於天然補注之失衡所引起。
197. Ground
Settlements due to Shield Tunnelling
本文採用台北捷運系統新店線兩個地區沉陷觀測結果，探討潛盾隧道於台北盆地T2區松山層第四與第五次層及H2區上部礫石層內施工所導致地表沉陷行為。研究指出潛盾隧道施工所導致土壤漏失率與壓密沉陷指數T2區較H2區較大。其中土壤漏失率於T2區隨土倉壓力係數增加而減少，於H2區則因礫石大小分佈不均導致面板受力呈現極大差異，而難以建立與土倉壓力係數之關係。至於壓密沉陷指數，不論於T2或H2區，其值並不因土倉壓力係數改變而呈現太大差異，但隨距隧道中心水平距離增加而遞減。研究亦指出雙潛盾隧道施工所導致之地表沉陷可由單潛盾隧道施工所導致之沉陷槽疊加而得。
198. Load
Transfer in Piles during Load Reversals
Introduced herein is a procedure for computing the load-displacement relationships
for piles with load reversals by using the concept of backbone curves. Once
the backbone curves for a pile are established, the load-transfer curves for
reversed loads can be established by nonlinear mapping using the procedures
described herein. The method provides the potential of analyzing piles involving
multiple load cycles, and effects of negative skin friction.
199. Soft
Ground Tunnelling for Singapore and Taipei MRT Systems
With the construction of the mass rapid transit systems in Singapore and Taipei,
much has been learned about tunnelling in soft ground. It is the intention
of this paper to compare the performance at these two places in an attempt
to evaluate the influence of ground conditions on, primarily, the porewater
pressure response to tunnelling operation and settlements over tunnels. Emphasis
is on the use of earth pressure balancing shield machines which are becoming
more and more popular in this region.
200. Compaction
Grouting for Correcting Building Settlement
Compaction grouting was applied for raising the subsided foundations of two
buildings in sandy soils. The performance of the case history could be interpreted
by the conical soil failure mechanism. The critical injection pressure and
volume which would induce uplift vary with the depth of the injection and the
foundation load. For loosened ground a reloading stage will be inevitable before
the conical failure mode could be mobilized.
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